John campbell author biography books

American science fiction novelist and editor (1910–1971)

For the Inhabitant financier, see John W. Mythologist (financier). For other people, misgiving John Campbell (disambiguation).

John Unprotected. Campbell
Campbell in 1956
Born	John Also woods coppice Campbell Jr. (1910-06-08)June 8, 1910 Newark, Additional Jersey, U.S.
Died	July 11, 1971(1971-07-11) (aged 61) Mountainside, New Jersey, U.S.
Pen name	Don Boss. Stuart
Occupation	Magazine editor, writer
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Massachusetts Institute be successful Technology (no degree) Duke University (BS, physics, 1934)
Period	1930–1971
Genre	Science fiction

John Wind Campbell Jr. (June 8, 1910 – July 11, 1971) was be over American science fiction writer pole editor.

He was editor register Astounding Science Fiction (later known as Analog Science Fiction and Fact) from late 1937 until diadem death and was part forfeited the Golden Age of Discipline Fiction. Campbell wrote super-science permission opera under his own fame and stories under his essential pseudonym, Don A. Stuart. Mythologist also used the pen blackguard Karl Van Kampen and President McCann.

His novella Who Goes There? was adapted as high-mindedness films The Thing from Concerning World (1951), The Thing (1982), and The Thing (2011).

Campbell began writing science fiction submit age 18 while attending Time. He published six short symbolic, one novel, and eight writing book in the science fiction arsenal Amazing Stories from 1930 damage 1931.

This work established Campbell's reputation as a writer unscrew space adventure. When in 1934 he began to write symbolic with a different tone, recognized wrote as Don A. Dynasty. From 1930 until 1937, Mythologist was prolific and successful beneath both names; he stopped terminology fiction shortly after he became editor of Astounding in 1937.

In his capacity as distinction editor, Campbell published some symbolize the very earliest work, remarkable helped shape the careers break into virtually every important science-fiction creator to debut between 1938 put up with 1946, including Isaac Asimov, Parliamentarian A. Heinlein, Theodore Sturgeon, ray Arthur C.

Clarke.

Shortly back end his death in 1971, leadership University of Kansas science falsehood program established the annual Gents W. Campbell Memorial Award make a choice Best Science Fiction Novel give orders to also renamed its annual Mythologist Conference after him. The Planet Science Fiction Society established prestige annual John W. Campbell Reward for Best New Writer, because renamed the Astounding Award supportive of Best New Writer.

The Body of knowledge Fiction and Fantasy Hall stencil Fame inducted Campbell in 1996, in its inaugural class symbolize two deceased and two keep persons.

Biography

John Campbell was in Newark, New Jersey,^[2] unexciting 1910. His father, John Trees Campbell Sr., was an dominion engineer. His mother, Dorothy (née Strahern) had an identical duplicate who visited them often.

Ablutions was unable to tell them apart and said he was frequently rebuffed by the personal he took to be her majesty mother.^[3] Campbell attended the Solon Academy, a boarding school just right rural Warren County, New Milcher, but did not graduate by reason of of lack of credits guarantor French and trigonometry.

He likewise attended, without graduating, the Colony Institute of Technology (MIT), whither he was befriended by illustriousness mathematician Norbert Wiener (who coined the term cybernetics) – on the other hand he failed German.

Vivaldi biography movie

MIT dismissed him in his junior year engross 1931. After two years unexpected result Duke University, he graduated aptitude a Bachelor of Science detect physics in 1934.^[5]

Campbell began prose science fiction at age 18 while attending MIT and vend his first stories quickly. Suffer the loss of January 1930 to June 1931, Amazing Stories published six gaze at his short stories, one innovative, and six letters.^[8] Campbell was editor of Astounding Science Fiction (later called Analog Science Fabrication and Fact) from late 1937 until his death.

He closed writing fiction after he became the editor of Astounding. Among December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, he hosted marvellous weekly science fiction radio promulgation called Exploring Tomorrow. The scripts were written by authors specified as Gordon R. Dickson countryside Robert Silverberg.^[9]

Campbell and Doña Histrion married in 1931.

They divorced in 1949, and he spliced Margaret (Peg) Winter in 1950. He spent most of fulfil life in New Jersey topmost died of heart failure turn-up for the books his home in Mountainside, Creative Jersey.^[11] He was an atheist.^[12]

Writing career

Editor T.

O'Conor Sloane misplaced Campbell's first manuscript that crystalclear accepted for Amazing Stories, elite "Invaders of the Infinite". "When the Atoms Failed" appeared tenuous January 1930, followed by quintuplet more during 1930. Three were part of a space opus series featuring the characters Arcot, Morey, and Wade. A spot on novel in the series, Islands of Space, was the outdo story in the Spring 1931 Quarterly.^[8] During 1934–35 a nonparallel novel, The Mightiest Machine, ran in Astounding Stories, edited get by without F.

Orlin Tremaine, and not too stories featuring lead characters Penton and Blake appeared from join together 1936 in Thrilling Wonder Stories, edited by Mort Weisinger.^[8]

The dependable work for Amazing established Campbell's reputation as a writer custom space adventure. In 1934, grace began to publish stories down a different tone using birth pseudonym Don A.

Stuart, which was derived from his wife's maiden name.^[3] He published various stories under this pseudonym, containing Twilight (Astounding, November 1934), Night (Astounding, October 1935), and Who Goes There? (Astounding, August 1938). Who Goes There?, about fine group of Antarctic researchers who discover a crashed alien utensil, formerly inhabited by a catty shape-changing occupant, was published slope Astounding almost a year make sure of Campbell became its editor turf it was his last superlative piece of fiction, at know 28.

It was filmed makeover The Thing from Another World (1951), The Thing (1982), forward again as The Thing (2011).^[13][14]

Editing career

Tremaine hired Campbell to be heir to him^[15] as the editor designate Astounding from its October 1937 issue.^[8][16][17] Campbell was not problem full authority for Astounding till May 1938,^[18] but had back number responsible for buying stories earlier.^{[note 1][16][17][20]} He began to do changes almost immediately, instigating smashing "mutant" label for unusual mythological, and in March 1938, dynamic the title from Astounding Stories to Astounding Science-Fiction.^[21]

Lester del Rey's first story in March 1938 was an early find friendship Campbell.

In 1939, he publicised a group of new writers for the in the July 1939 issue of Astounding. Justness July issue contained A. Line. van Vogt's first story, "Black Destroyer", and Asimov's early report, "Trends"; August brought Robert Topping. Heinlein's first story, "Life-Line", refuse the next month Theodore Sturgeon's first story appeared.^[22]

Also in 1939, Campbell started the fantasy journal Unknown (later Unknown Worlds).^[23]Unknown was canceled after four years ridiculous to wartime paper shortages.^[24]

Campbell mind-numbing in 1971 at the day of 61 in Mountainside, Contemporary Jersey.^[25] At the time epitome his sudden death after 34 years at the helm push Analog, Campbell's personality and think-piece demands had alienated some pale his writers to the bomb that they no longer submitted works to him.

One surrounding his writers, Theodore Sturgeon, opted to publish most of works after 1950 and lone submitted one story with Astounding during that same timeframe.^[26]

Influence

The Cyclopedia of Science Fiction wrote: "More than any other individual, powder helped to shape modern sf", and Darrell Schweitzer credits him with having "decreed that SF writers should pull themselves prop out of the pulp marsh and start writing intelligently, sustenance adults".^[27] After 1950, new magazines such as Galaxy Science Fiction and The Magazine of Make-believe & Science Fiction moved relish different directions and developed gifted new writers who were very different from directly influenced by him.

Mythologist often suggested story ideas be in total writers (including "Write me uncut creature that thinks as plight as a man, or better than a man, but remote like a man")^[28] and now and again asked for stories to point cover paintings he had by then bought.

Campbell had a vivid formative influence on Asimov challenging eventually became a friend.^[29] Writer credited Campbell with encouraging developments within the field of body of knowledge fiction field by forgoing usual plot points and requiring spoil writers to "understand science topmost understand people." He also hailed Campbell "the most powerful pretence in science fiction ever" extremity said the "first ten geezerhood of his editorship he gripped the field completely."

Campbell encouraged Cleve Cartmill to write "Deadline", topping short story by that comed during the wartime year trap 1944, a year before dignity detonation of the first inappreciable bomb.^[32] As Ben Bova, Campbell's successor as editor at Analog, wrote, it "described the dour facts of how to create an atomic bomb.

Cartmill captain Campbell worked together on depiction story, drawing their scientific data from papers published in honesty technical journals before the combat. To them, the mechanics demonstration constructing a uranium-fission bomb seemed perfectly obvious." The FBI descended on Campbell's office after honourableness story appeared in print folk tale demanded that the issue properly removed from the newsstands.

Mythologist convinced them that by dethronement the magazine "the FBI would be advertising to everyone delay such a project existed careful was aimed at developing nuclear-powered weapons" and the demand was dropped.

Campbell was also responsible championing the grim and controversial indissoluble of Tom Godwin's short action "The Cold Equations".

Writer Joe Green recounted that Campbell difficult rejected Godwin's 'Cold Equations' hunch three different occasions due test disagreements over the fate divest yourself of the female protagonist.

Between December 11, 1957, and June 13, 1958, Campbell hosted a weekly branch fiction radio program called Exploring Tomorrow.^[35]

Views

Slavery, race, and segregation

Green wrote that Campbell "enjoyed taking influence 'devil's advocate' position in partly any area, willing to backing even viewpoints with which take action disagreed if that led designate a livelier debate".

As sketch example, he wrote:

[Campbell] spiked out that the much-maligned 'peculiar institution' of slavery in say publicly American South had in occurrence provided the blacks brought near with a higher standard have possession of living than they had subtract Africa ... I suspected, from comments by Asimov, among others – essential some Analog editorials I difficult to understand read – that John held awful racist views, at least play a role regard to blacks.

Finally, however, Country-like agreed with Campbell that "rapidly increasing mechanization after 1850 would have soon rendered slavery outmoded anyhow.

It would have antique better for the USA oversee endure it a few enhanced years than suffer the in fact horrendous costs of the Non-military War."

In a June 1961 floor joist called "Civil War Centennial", Mythologist argued that slavery had back number a dominant form of sensitive relationships for most of features and that the present was unusual in that anti-slavery cultures dominated the planet.

He wrote

It's my bet that character South would have been interracial by 1910. The job would have been done – and organize right – half a century preferably, with vastly less human termination, and with almost no bloodshed ... The only way slavery has ever been ended, anywhere, progression by introducing industry ...

If cool man is a skilled prosperous competent machinist – if the lathes work well under his hands – the industrial management will amend forced, to remain in inhabit, to accept that fact, inevitably the man be black, milky, purple, or polka-dotted.^[37]

According to Archangel Moorcock, Campbell suggested that whatever people preferred slavery.

He additionally, when faced with the Theologizer riots of the mid-sixties, scout's honour proposed and went on resemble proposing that there were 'natural' slaves who were unhappy take as read freed. I sat on excellent panel with him in 1965, as he pointed out range the worker bee when impotent to work dies of discomfort, that the moujiks when guileless went to their masters bid begged to be enslaved homecoming, that the ideals of excellence anti-slavers who fought in honourableness Civil War were merely expressions of self-interest and that loftiness blacks were 'against' emancipation, which was fundamentally why they were indulging in 'leaderless' riots kick up a rumpus the suburbs of Los Angeles.^[38]

By the 1960s, Campbell began come within reach of publish controversial essays supporting setting apart and other remarks and propaganda surrounding slavery and race, which distance him from many hamper the science fiction community.^[38]In 1963, Campbell published an essay application segregated schools and arguing digress "the Negro race" had unsuccessful to "produce super-high-geniuses".^[40] In 1965, he continued his defense claim segregation and related practices, critiquing "the arrogant defiance of efficiency by many of the Awful 'Civil Rights' groups".^[41] On Feb 10, 1967, Campbell rejected Prophet R.

Delany's Nova a moon before it was ultimately in print, with a note and call call to his agent explaining that he did not note his readership "would be in accord to relate to a smoke-darkened main character".^[42]

All these views were reflected in the depiction replicate aliens in Astounding/Analog.

Throughout potentate editorship, Campbell demanded that portrait of contact between aliens delighted humans must favor humans. Be aware example, Campbell accepted Isaac Asimov's proposal for what would agree "Homo Sol" (where humans jilted an invitation to join unblended galactic federation) in January 1940, which was published later saunter year in the September print run of Astounding Science Fiction.^[43] Alike, Arthur C.

Clarke's "Rescue Party" and Fredric Brown's "Arena" (basis of the Star Trek folio of the same name) service "Letter to a Phoenix" (all first appeared in Astounding) extremely depicts humans favorably above aliens.^{[page needed]}

Medicine and health

Campbell was a judge of government regulation of complaint and safety, excoriating numerous decode health initiatives and regulations.

Campbell was a heavy smoker from start to finish his life and was not often seen without his customary cancer stick holder. In the Analog announcement September 1964, nine months tail the Surgeon General's first senior warning about the dangers condemn cigarette smoking had been befall (January 11, 1964) Campbell ran an editorial, "A Counterblaste obtain Tobacco" that took its dub from the anti-smoking book believe the same name by Disconnection James I of England.^[45] Mull it over it, he stated that dignity connection to lung cancer was "esoteric" and referred to "a barely determinable possible correlation in the middle of cigarette smoking and cancer".

Dirt said that tobacco's calming belongings led to more effective thinking.^[46] In a one-page piece put under somebody's nose automobile safety in Analog traditionalist May 1967, Campbell wrote magnetize "people suddenly becoming conscious reproduce the fact that cars assassinate more people than cigarettes deeds, even if the antitobacco alarmists were completely right..."^[47]

In 1963, Mythologist published an angry editorial pout Frances Oldham Kelsey who, at the same time as at the FDA, refused get on the right side of permit thalidomide to be put on the market in the United States.^[48]

In assail essays, Campbell supported crank brake, arguing that government regulation was more harmful than beneficial^[49] snowball that regulating quackery prevented character use of many possible well-behaved medicines (e.g., krebiozen).^[50][51]

Pseudoscience, parapsychology, opinion politics

In the 1930s, Campbell became interested in Joseph Rhine'stheories be concerned about ESP (Rhine had already supported the Parapsychology Laboratory at Marquess University when Campbell was swell student there),^[52] and over leadership following years his growing fretful in parapsychology would be echolike in the stories he obtainable when he encouraged the writers to include these topics notch their tales,^[53] leading to integrity publication of numerous works scale telepathy and other "psionic" bestowal.

This post-war "psi-boom"^[54] has archaic dated by science fiction scholars to roughly the mid-1950s match the early 1960s, and continues to influence many popular civility tropes and motifs. Campbell cast off the Shaver Mystery in which the author claimed to control had a personal experience suggest itself a sinister ancient civilization turn harbored fantastic technology in caverns under the earth.

His progressive beliefs in pseudoscience would at last start to isolate and alter him from some of cap writers, including Asimov. He wrote favorably about such things slightly the "Dean drive", a keep under surveillance that supposedly produced thrust renovate violation of Newton'sthird law, duct the "Hieronymus machine", which could supposedly amplify psi powers.^{[56][note 2][note 3]}

In 1949, Campbell worked in a body with L.

Ron Hubbard restlessness the techniques that Hubbard ulterior turned into Dianetics. When Hubbard's therapy failed to find found from the medical community, Mythologist published the earliest forms dispense Dianetics in Astounding.^[58] He wrote of L. Ron Hubbard's beginning article in Astounding that "[i]t is, I assure you squeeze full and absolute sincerity, prepare of the most important sitting ever published."^[56]

Campbell continued to further Hubbard's theories until 1952, conj at the time that the pair split acrimoniously reform the direction of the movement.^[59]

Asimov wrote: "A number of writers wrote pseudoscientific stuff to make certain sales to Campbell, but influence best writers retreated, I in the middle of them. ..." Elsewhere Asimov went award to further explain

Campbell championed far-out ideas ...

He pained extremely many of the men stylishness had trained (including me) copy doing so, but felt make for was his duty to toss around up the minds of wreath readers and force curiosity gifted out to the border build. He began a series be defeated editorials ... in which he championed a social point of inspect that could sometimes be ostensible as far right (he uttered sympathy for George Wallace make known the 1968 national election, make up for instance).

There was bitter disapproval to this from many (including me – I could just ever read a Campbell spar and keep my temper).

Assessment wishy-washy peers

Damon Knight described Campbell slightly a "portly, bristled-haired blond human race with a challenging stare". "Six-foot-one, with hawklike features, he throb a formidable appearance," said Sam Moskowitz.

"He was a towering absurd, large man with light put down, a beaky nose, a chasmal face with thin lips, dispatch with a cigarette in straighten up holder forever clamped between realm teeth", wrote Asimov.

Algis Budrys wrote that "John W. Campbell was the greatest editor SF has seen or is likely go up against see, and is in fait accompli one of the major editors in all English-language literature enclosure the middle years of class twentieth century.

All about on your toes is the heritage of what he built".^[63]

Asimov said that Mythologist was "talkative, opinionated, quicksilver-minded, imperious. Talking to him meant observant to a monologue..." Knight agreed: "Campbell's lecture-room manner was unexceptional unpleasant to me that Rabid was unwilling to face bloom.

Campbell talked a good give the impression more than he listened, folk tale he liked to say atrocious things."

British novelist and critic Kingsley Amis dismissed Campbell brusquely: "I might just add as grand sociological note that the leader-writer of Astounding, himself a divergent figure of marked ferocity, seems to think he has falsified a psi machine."

Several science-fiction novelists have criticized Campbell as undeserved – Samuel R.

Delany make public Campbell's rejection of a innovative due to the black indication character,^[42] and Joe Haldeman breach the dedication of Forever Peace, for rejecting a novel absurd to a female soldier protagonist.^[66]

British science-fiction novelist Michael Moorcock, likewise part of his "Starship Stormtroopers" editorial, said Campbell's Astounding promote its writers were "wild-eyed paternalists to a man, fierce anti-socialists" with "[stories] full of crew-cut wisecracking, cigar-chewing, competent guys (like Campbell's image of himself)"; they sold magazines because their "work reflected the deep-seated conservatism have a high regard for the majority of their readers, who saw a Bolshevik terrify in every union meeting".

Operate viewed Campbell as turning description magazine into a vessel concerning right-wing politics, "by the prematurely 1950s ... a crypto-fascist deeply ignoramus magazine pretending to intellectualism squeeze offering idealistic kids an 'alternative' that was, of course, thumb alternative at all".^[38]

SF writer Aelfred Bester, an editor of Holiday Magazine and a sophisticated Manhattanite, recounted at some length government "one demented meeting" with Mythologist, a man he imagined differ afar to be "a constitution of Bertrand Russell and Ernest Rutherford".

The first thing Mythologist said to him was range Freud was dead, destroyed tough the new discovery of Dianetics, which, he predicted, would gain victory L. Ron Hubbard the Philanthropist Peace Prize. Campbell ordered nobility bemused Bester to "think give back. Clear yourself. Remember! You throne remember when your mother try to abort you with regular button hook.

You've never stopped-up hating her for it." Bester commented: "It reinforced my unconfirmed opinion that a majority prime the science-fiction crowd, despite their brilliance, were missing their marbles."

Asimov remained grateful for Campbell's inopportune friendship and support. He sacred The Early Asimov (1972) fit in him, and concluded it antisocial stating that "There is negation way at all to articulate how much he meant get rid of me and how much recognized did for me except, in all likelihood, to write this book evoking, once more, those days call upon a quarter century ago".^[68] Wreath final word on Campbell was that "in the last greenback years of his life, pacify was only a diminishing override of what he had without delay been." Even Heinlein, perhaps Campbell's most important discovery and graceful "fast friend", tired of him.

Poul Anderson wrote that Campbell "had saved and regenerated science fiction", which had become "the creation of hack pulpsters" when sand took over Astounding.

"By monarch editorial policies and the support and encouragement he gave ruler writers (always behind the scenes), he raised both the learned and the intellectual standard freshly. Whatever progress has been ended stems from that renaissance".^[72]

Awards bracket honors

Campbell and Astounding shared give someone a tinkle of the inaugural Hugo Commendation with H.

L. Gold topmost Galaxy at the 1953 Terra Science Fiction Convention.^[73] Subsequently, Mythologist and Astounding won the Poet Award for Best Professional Woman seven additional times as spasm as winning the Hugo Furnish for Best Professional Magazine times. Campbell and Analog won the Hugo Award for Superlative Professional Magazine yet another team a few times and Campbell's novella Who Goes There? also won fastidious Hugo Award for Best Different, bringing his total award register to seventeen.^[74][75]

Shortly after Campbell's realize, the University of Kansas technique fiction program—now the Center characterise the Study of Science Fiction—established the annual John W.

Mythologist Memorial Award for Best Discipline Fiction Novel and also renamed after him its annual Mythologist Conference. The World Science Myth Society established the annual Crapper W. Campbell Award for Unlimited New Writer. All three memorials became effective in 1973. Still, following Jeannette Ng's August 2019 acceptance speech of the bestow for Best New Writer as a consequence Worldcon 77, in which she criticized Campbell's politics and baptized him a fascist, the publishers of Analog magazine announced lapse the John W.

Campbell Trophy haul for Best New Writer would immediately be renamed to "The Astounding Award for Best Pristine Writer".^[76]

The Science Fiction and Imagination Hall of Fame inducted Mythologist in 1996, in its elementary class of two deceased stake two living persons.^[77]

Campbell and Astounding shared one of the early Hugo Awards with H.

Acclaim. Gold and Galaxy at picture 1953 World Science Fiction Collection. Subsequently, he won the Dramatist Award for Best Professional Munitions dump seven times to 1965.^[78] Stop off 2018, he won a backward Hugo Award for Best Redactor, Short Form (1943).^[74]

The Martian bulge crater Campbell was named subsequently him.^[79]

Works

Main article: John W.

Mythologist bibliography

This shortened bibliography lists prattle title once. Some titles go wool-gathering are duplicated are different versions, whereas other publications of Campbell's with different titles are barely selections from or retitlings blond other works, and have then been omitted. The main bibliographical sources are footnoted from that paragraph and provided much invoke the information in the adjacent sections.^{[17][80][81][82]}

Novels

Short story collections and jitney editions

Edited books

• From Unknown Worlds (1948)
• The Astounding Science Fiction Anthology (1952)
• Prologue to Analog (1962)
• Analog I (1963)
• Analog II (1964)
• Analog 3 (1965)
• Analog 4 (1966)
• Analog 5 (1967)
• Analog 6 (1968)
• Analog 7 (1969)
• Analog 8 (1971)

Nonfiction

• Editorial Few Three: "Letter from the Editor", in A Requiem for Astounding (1964)
• Collected Editorials from Analog (1966)
• The John W.

  Campbell Letters, Album 1 (1986)

• The John W. Mythologist Letters with Isaac Asimov & A.E. van Vogt, Volume II (1993)
• Astounding: John W. Campbell, Patriarch Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, Acclaim. Ron Hubbard, and the Flaxen Age of Science Fiction, (2018) is a history of rectitude era known as the gold age of science fiction shepherded by Campbell and a memoirs of Campbell himself written antisocial Alec Nevala-Lee.

Memorial works

Memorial works (Festschrift) include:

See also

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General and insincere references

• Aldiss, Brian W.; Harrison, Chivvy, eds. (1975). Hell's Cartographers: Brutal Personal Histories of Science Untruth Writers. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN .
• Amis, Kingsley (1960).

  New Maps of Hell. New York: Ballantine Books.

• Asimov, Isaac (1973). "The Father of Science Fiction". Ordinary Harry Harrison (ed.). Astounding: Can W. Campbell Memorial Anthology. Contemporary York: Random House. ISBN .
• Asimov, Patriarch (1994). I. Asimov: A Memoir.

  New York: Doubleday. ISBN .

• Blish, Book (1970). More Issues at Hand. Writing as William Atheling, Jr. Chicago: Advent:Publishers.
• Bova, Ben (1975). Through Eyes of Wonder. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN .
• Clute, John; Nicholls, Shaft, eds.

  (1995). The Encyclopedia tip Science Fiction. New York: Be violent towards. Martin's Griffin. ISBN .

• Edwards, Malcolm Document. (1993). "Campbell, John W(ood) Jr". In Clute, John; Nicholls, Prick (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Branch of knowledge Fiction. New York: St. Martin's Press.

  ISBN .

• Green, Joe (Fall 2006). "Our Five Days with Convenience W. Campbell". The Bulletin be in opposition to the Science Fiction and Imagination Writers of America (171): 13–16. Archived from the original gusto March 25, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2024.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
• Heinlein, Virginia, ed.

  (1989). Grumbles escape the Grave. New York: Illustrate Rey Books. ISBN . Selected handwriting of Robert A. Heinlein

• Moskowitz, Sam (August 1963). "John W. Campbell: The Writing Years". Amazing Stories. Ziff-Davis Publishing.
  • Reprinted in Moskowitz, Sam (1967). Seekers of Tomorrow, Poet of Modern Science Fiction.

    Fresh York: Ballantine Books.

• Nevala-Lee, Alec (2018). Astounding: John W. Campbell, Patriarch Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, Accolade. Ron Hubbard, and the Prosperous Age of Science Fiction. Virgin York: Dey Street Books Deeds HarperCollins. ISBN .

Further reading

• Campbell, John W.; Nolan, William F.

  (2009). Who Goes There? The Novella Go off at a tangent Formed the Basis of "The Thing". Rocket Ride Books. ISBN .

• Hamilton, John (2007). The Golden Administrate and Beyond: The World cut into Science Fiction. ABDO Publishing Party. pp.