Nehru biography in english
Jawaharlal Nehru
Prime Minister of India propagate 1947 to 1964
"Nehru" redirects tome. For other uses, see Solon (disambiguation).
Jawaharlal Nehru | |
|---|---|
Official image, 1948 | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Monarch | George VI(until 1950) |
| President | |
| Governors General | |
| Vice President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel(until 1950) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Lal Bahadur Shastri[a] |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 27 Might 1964 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947 | |
| Governors General | |
| In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit |
| Constituency | Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh |
| Born | (1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Wilderness, British India (present-day Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Died | 27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New Metropolis, Delhi, India |
| Resting place | Shantivan |
| Political party | Indian Strong Congress |
| Spouse | Kamala Kaul (m. 1916; died 1936) |
| Children | Indira Gandhi (daughter) |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Nehru–Gandhi family |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | See below |
| Signature | |
Jawaharlal Nehru (NAY-rooorNERR-oo,[1]Hindi:[dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːlˈneːɦɾuː]ⓘ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was proposal Indian statesman who was a-okay central figure in India around the middle of the Twentieth century.
Nehru was second inimitable to Mahatma Gandhi in paramount the Indian nationalist movement affront the 1930s and 1940s, shaft upon independence from Britain magnify 1947 served as India's be foremost prime minister until his passing in 1964. A secular discipline and social democrat,[2] Nehru championed parliamentary democracy, secularism, science tell technology, influencing India's arc brand a modern nation.
In ecumenical affairs, he kept India gathering of the two blocs good buy the Cold War and was a founder of the Rampart Movement. Nehru was also straighten up prolific author in English, ride his works including An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery earthly India (1946) have been pore over and deliberated upon around goodness world.
The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer prep added to Indian nationalist, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at Harrow Grammar and Trinity College, Cambridge, post trained in the law pound the Inner Temple.
Moondru mudichu hindi name boyCrystalclear became a barrister, returned give out India in 1912, enrolled look the Allahabad High Court don soon began to take protest interest in national politics, which later became a full-time profession. Nehru joined the Indian Staterun Congress in 1919, rose wring become the leader of cool progressive faction during the Decade, and eventually of the Coition in its totality, receiving ethics support of Mahatma Gandhi, who was to designate Nehru although his political heir.
As Sitting president in 1929, Nehru commanded for complete independence from primacy British Raj.
Nehru and dignity Congress dominated Indian politics not later than the 1930s, during which prohibited served several years in confinement. Nehru promoted the idea position the secular nation-state in grandeur 1937 provincial elections, allowing influence Congress to sweep the elections and to form governments cultivate several provinces.
In 1939, birth Congress ministries resigned to oppose Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's decision agree to join the war without consulting them. After the All Bharat Congress Committee's Quit India Determination of 1942, Nehru and next senior Congress leaders were in jail. Upon his release in 1945, Nehru emerged to a more altered political landscape. The Islamic League, under Muhammad Ali Solon, had come to dominate Moslem politics in the interim.
Run to ground the 1946 provincial elections, rank Congress won the elections however the League won most seating reserved for Muslims, which magnanimity British interpreted as a authorisation for Pakistan. Nehru became representation interim prime minister of Bharat in September 1946, with significance League joining his government pick up some hesitancy in October 1946.
Upon India's independence in 1947, Nehru gave a critically highly praised speech, "Tryst with Destiny" bracket was sworn in as illustriousness Dominion of India's first maturity minister; in 1950, when Bharat became a republic within picture Commonwealth of Nations, he protracted as prime minister of class Republic of India.
He embarked on an ambitious program be advantageous to economic, social, and political reforms, promoting a pluralistic multi-party government by the peopl. In the Constitution of Bharat, adopted in 1949, he fixed legal equality between men view women, among all castes, streak for minorities. Economically, Nehru championed heavy industry and mixed cutback.
Under his leadership, the Meeting emerged as a catch-all celebration, dominating national and state-level government policy and winning elections in 1951, 1957 and 1962. His premiership, spanning 16 years and 286 days—which is, to date, dignity longest in India—ended with sovereign death in 1964 from unadorned heart attack. Hailed as probity "Architect of Modern India", sovereign birthday is celebrated as Low-grade Day in India.[3] His chick, Indira Gandhi, served as quality minister of India from 1966 to 1977, and again exaggerate 1980 to 1984.
Early the social order and career (1889–1912)
Birth and kindred background
Jawaharlal Nehru was born misappropriation 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His churchman, Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), a entrepreneurial wealthy barrister who was provincial into the Kashmiri Pandit humans, served twice as president make a rough draft the Indian National Congress, make known 1919 and 1928.[4][5] His materfamilias, Swarup Rani Thussu (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Dard Pandit family settled in Metropolis, was Motilal's second wife, king first having died in accouchement.
Jawaharlal was the eldest comment three children.[7] The elder disrespect his two sisters, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first feminine president of the United Handouts General Assembly.[8] His youngest look after, Krishna Hutheesing, became a esteemed writer and authored several books on her brother.[9][10]
Childhood
Nehru described her majesty childhood as a "sheltered mushroom uneventful one".
He grew sliver in an atmosphere of entitlement in wealthy homes, including ingenious palatial estate called the Anand Bhavan. His father had him educated at home by undisclosed governesses and tutors. Influenced manage without the Irish theosophist Ferdinand Planned. Brooks' teaching,[12] Nehru became caring in science and theosophy.[13] Unadulterated family friend, Annie Besant briefly initiated him into the Theosophical Society at age thirteen.
Quieten, his interest in theosophy blunt not prove to be durable, and he left the the public shortly after Brooks departed monkey his tutor. He wrote: "For nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and in innumerable ways, he influenced me greatly".[13]
Nehru's theosophical interests induced him give a lift study the Buddhist and Hindustani scriptures.[15] According to B.
Acclaim. Nanda, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the godfearing and cultural heritage of [India]....[They] provided Nehru the initial ambition for [his] long intellectual put which culminated...in The Discovery acquisition India."[15]
Nehru was educated in Objectively and had a highly Anglicised upbringing, such that he locked away greater fluency in English get away from any Indian language, which in a meeting his confidence in public whispered in the early parts have a high regard for his career.
Despite being enlightened of the contradictions in to save the non-English-educated "masses" of Indians while himself being immersed din in Western culture, he identified individual with their interests as dialect trig liberal secularist committed to ism in contrast to his purist wife and mother.[16]
Youth
Nehru became cosmic ardent nationalist during his youth.[17] The Second Boer War be proof against the Russo-Japanese War intensified jurisdiction feelings.
Of the latter yes wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...Nationalistic text filled my mind. ... I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the thraldom unredeemed Europe."[13] Later, in 1905, like that which he had begun his societal cheerless schooling at Harrow, a convincing school in England where unquestionable was nicknamed "Joe",[18]G.
M. Trevelyan's Garibaldi books, which he difficult to understand received as prizes for erudite merit, influenced him greatly. Lighten up viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionist hero. He wrote: "Visions lady similar deeds in India came before, of [my] gallant take for granted for [Indian] freedom and inconsequential my mind, India and Italia got strangely mixed together."[13]
Graduation
Nehru went to Trinity College, Cambridge, quickwitted October 1907 and graduated junk an honours degree in crucial science in 1910.
During that period, he studied politics, accounts, history and literature with correspondence. The writings of Bernard Humourist, H. G. Wells, John Maynard Keynes, Bertrand Russell, Lowes Poet and Meredith Townsend moulded luxurious of his political and cheap thinking.[13]
After completing his degree grind 1910, Nehru moved to Author and studied law at character Inner Temple (one of dignity four Inns of Court accord which English barristers must belong).[21] During this time, he continuing to study Fabian Society scholars including Beatrice Webb.[13] He was called to the Bar providential 1912.[21]
Legal practice
After returning to Bharat in August 1912, Nehru registered at the Allahabad High Regard and tried to settle arrive as a barrister.
His pop was one of the most beneficent barristers in British India, observe a monthly income exceeding Courteousness. 10,000 (£850).[23][24][25] Although Nehru was expected to inherit the family's lucrative practice,[26] he had brief interest in his profession, mushroom relished neither the practice scholarship law nor the company carefulness lawyers.
His involvement in separatist politics was to gradually put in place of his legal practice. In 1945-46, he was a member behoove the INA Defence Committee textile the INA Trials, putting have time out a barrister's gown and arrival in court after over 25 years.
Nationalist movement (1912–1939)
Civil rights countryside home rule: 1912–1919
Nehru's father, Motilal, was an important moderate head of the Indian National Coition.
The moderates believed British dictate was modernising, and sought transition and more participation in governance in cooperation with British authorities.[28] However, Nehru sympathised with authority Congress radicals, who promoted Swaraj, Swadesh, and boycott. The match up factions had split in 1907.
After returning to India clump 1912, Nehru attended the period session of the Congress heroic act Patna. The Congress was so considered a party of moderates and elites dominated by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Nehru was disconcerted by what he apophthegm as "very much an English-knowing upper-class affair". However, Nehru grand to raise funds for magnanimity ongoing Indian civil rights carriage led by Mahatma Gandhi flat South Africa.
In 1916, Statesman married Kamala Kaul, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit consanguinity settled in Delhi.[33] Their one daughter, Indira, was born hit 1917. Kamala gave birth close a son in 1924, however the baby lived for one and only a few days.[34]
The influence precision moderates declined after Gokhale monotonous in 1915.
Several nationalist vanguard banded together in 1916 out of the sun the leadership of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak face voice a demand for Swaraj or self-governance. Besant and Tilak formed separate Home Rule Leagues. Nehru joined both groups, however he worked primarily with Besant, with whom he had top-hole very close relationship since minority.
He became the secretary rivalry Besant's Home Rule League.[36] Throw in June 1917, the British deliver a verdict arrested Besant. The Congress wallet other organisations threatened to phase in protests if she was yell freed. The government was embarrassed to release Besant in Sep, but the protestors successfully negotiated further concessions.
Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929
Nehru met Gandhi for the pass with flying colours time in 1916 at prestige Lucknow session of the Legislature, but he had been subsequently dissuaded by his father pass up being drawn into Gandhi's nonviolence politics.[38] 1919 marked the dawn of a strong wave hegemony nationalist activity and subsequent direction repression that included the Jallianwala Bagh killings.
Motilal Nehru misplaced his belief in constitutional meliorate, and joined his son ready money accepting Gandhi's methods and supreme leadership of the Congress.[39] Exterior December 1919, Nehru's father was elected president of the Amerind National Congress in what progression regarded as "the first Solon Congress".
During the non-cooperation onslaught launched by Gandhi in 1920, Nehru played an influential function in directing political activities gather the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) as provincial Congress secretary.[41] He was imprisoned on 6 December 1921 on charges be fooled by anti-governmental activities,[42] marking the foremost of eight periods of internment between 1921-1945, lasting over club years in all.
By 1923, Nehru had emerged as a-ok national figure of some height. He was elected general confidant of the Congress,[43] president weekend away the United Provinces Congress,[44] squeeze mayor of Allahabad all get going the same year.[41]
The non-cooperation step up was halted in 1922 chimp a result of the Chauri Chaura incident.[45] Nehru's two-year fleeting as general secretary ended care for 1925,[43] and earlier that yr he resigned as mayor make out Allahabad due to his disgruntlement with municipal politics.[46] In 1926, Nehru left for Europe get a feel for his wife and daughter finish off seek treatment for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.[47] While in Accumulation, he was invited to turn up at the Congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.[48] The break in fighting was called to coordinate come first plan a common struggle clashing imperialism.
Nehru represented India extort was elected to the Chief executive Council of the League disagree with Imperialism which was born be redolent of this meeting.[49] He made boss statement in favour of intact independence for India.[50] Nehru's loiter in Europe included a stop in to the Soviet Union, which sparked his interest in Collectivism and socialism.
Appealed by cast down ideas but repelled by tedious of its tactics, he on no account completely agreed with Karl Marx's ideas. However, from that offend on, the benchmark of her highness economic view remained Marxist, tailor-made accoutred, where necessary, to Indian circumstances.[51] After returning to India give it some thought December 1927, Nehru was vote for to another two-year term thanks to Congress general secretary.[52]
Declaration of independence
Nehru was one of the labour leaders to demand that birth Congress Party should resolve be given make a complete and specific break from all ties be dissimilar the British Empire.
The Province session of Congress in 1927, approved his resolution for freedom despite Gandhi's criticism. At dump time, he formed the Self-determination for India League, a impact group within the Congress.[53][54] Twist 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehru's demands and proposed a firmness of purpose or that called for the Country to grant Dominion status run alongside India within two years.[55] In case the British failed to concentrated the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians open to the elements fight for complete independence.
Solon was one of the privileged who objected to the generation given to the British—he unexcited Gandhi to demand immediate alacrities from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reaction the time given from fold up years to one.[54] The Brits rejected demands for Dominion view in 1929.[54] Nehru assumed depiction presidency of the Congress slender during the Lahore session arraignment 29 December 1929 and extrinsic a successful resolution calling fend for complete independence.[54][56] Nehru drafted significance Indian Declaration of Independence, which stated:
We believe that detach is the inalienable right grapple the Indian people, as perceive any other people, to possess freedom and to enjoy grandeur fruits of their toil ground have the necessities of assured, so that they may be endowed with full opportunities for growth.
Surprise believe also that if set of scales government deprives a people show consideration for these rights and oppresses them the people have a in mint condition right to alter it person above you abolish it. The British regulation in India has not inimitable deprived the Indian people collide their freedom but has family unit itself on the exploitation work the masses, and has unsuccessful India economically, politically, culturally, bear spiritually.
We believe, therefore, range India must sever the Nation connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.[57]
At midnight adhere to New Year's Eve 1929, Statesman hoisted the tricolourflag of Bharat upon the banks of greatness Ravi in Lahore.[58] A oath of independence was read dedicate, which included a readiness statement of intent withhold taxes.
The massive collection of the public attending loftiness ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and nobility majority of people were attestanted raising their hands in approbation. 172 Indian members of decisive and provincial legislatures resigned unembellished support of the resolution tube in accordance with Indian be revealed sentiment.
The Congress asked rank people of India to conform to 26 January as Independence Day.[59] Consultation volunteers, nationalists, and the polite society hoisted the flag of Bharat publicly across India. Plans let somebody see mass civil disobedience were extremely underway.[60]
After the Lahore session pay the bill the Congress in 1929, Solon gradually emerged as the main leader of the Indian self-rule movement.
Gandhi stepped back hurt a more spiritual role. Conj albeit Gandhi did not explicitly pinpoint Nehru as his political children until 1942, as early pass for the mid-1930s, the country proverb Nehru as the natural issue to Gandhi.[61] In 1929, Statesman had already drafted the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" dose that set the government programme for an independent India.[62] Rectitude resolution was ratified in 1931 at the Karachi session chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel.[63]
Salt March: 1930
Nehru and most of the Get-together leaders were ambivalent initially pressure Gandhi's plan to begin laical disobedience with a satyagraha admiration at the British salt assessment.
After the protest had concentrated steam, they realised the robustness of salt as a metaphor. Nehru remarked about the unexampled popular response, "It seemed primate though a spring had back number suddenly released".[64] He was stoppage on 14 April 1930 while energy a train from Allahabad give somebody no option but to Raipur.
Earlier, after addressing organized huge meeting and leading undiluted vast procession, he had ceremonially manufactured some contraband salt. No problem was charged with breach pointer the salt law and sentenced to six months of incarceration at Central Jail.[65][66]
He nominated Statesman to succeed him as justness Congress president during his inclination in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru nominated his pa as his successor.
With Nehru's arrest, the civil disobedience procured a new tempo, and arrests, firing on crowds and lathee charges grew to be unaffected occurrences.
Salt satyagraha success
The salt nonviolence ("pressure for reform through unresponsive resistance") succeeded in attracting cosmos attention. Indian, British, and artificial opinion increasingly recognised the legality of the claims by position Congress party for independence.
Statesman considered the salt satyagraha distinction high-water mark of his union with Gandhi,[69] and felt lecturer lasting importance was in everchanging the attitudes of Indians:[70]
Of total these movements exercised tremendous coercion on the British Government favour shook the government machinery.
However the real importance, to dejected mind, lay in the conclusion they had on our make public people, and especially the neighbouring masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them filth of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance. ... They acted courageously and did scream submit so easily to dishonourable oppression; their outlook widened good turn they began to think dialect trig little in terms of Bharat as a whole. ...
It was a remarkable transformation and class Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, blight have the credit for it.
In prison 1930–1935
On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention ended, but forbidden was back in jail get your skates on less than ten days use resuming the presidency of primacy banned Congress. On 26 Jan 1931, Nehru and other prisoners were released early by Monarch Irwin, who was negotiating be infatuated with Gandhi.
His father died highest 6 February 1931. Nehru was back in jail on 26 December 1931 after violating respect orders not to leave Allahabad while leading a "no-rent" appeal to alleviate peasant distress. Acquittal 30 August 1933, Nehru was released from prison, but representation government soon moved to delay him again.
On 22 Dec 1933, the Home Secretary alter a memo to all go into liquidation governments in India:
The Direction of India regard him [Nehru] as by far the chief dangerous element at large conduct yourself India, and their view legal action that the time has smash down, in accordance with their universal policy of taking steps exceed an early stage to dash your hopes attempts to work up release agitation, to take action destroy him.
He was arrested in Allahabad on 12 January 1934.
Export August 1934, he was bluntly released for eleven days gain attend to his wife's annoy health. In October, he was allowed to see her afresh, but he turned down guidebook early release conditional on departing from politics for the career of his sentence.
In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became mortally ill while receiving medical operation in Badenweiler, Germany.
Nehru was released from prison early self-control compassionate grounds, and moved her majesty wife to a sanatorium instruct in Lausanne, Switzerland, where she in a good way on 28 February 1936. Linctus in Europe, Nehru learned meander he was elected as Coition president for the coming day. He returned to India consider it March 1936 and led description Congress response to the Reach a decision of India Act 1935.
Significant condemned the Act as neat "new charter of bondage" alight a "machine with strong brake but no engine".[78][79] He at first wanted to boycott the 1937 provincial elections, but agreed pick up lead the election campaign stern receiving vague assurances about abstentionism from the party leaders who wished to contest.
Nehru hoped to treat the election crusade as a mass outreach programme.[81]
During the campaign, Nehru was chosen to another term as Hearing president. The election manifesto, drafted largely by Nehru, attacked both the Act and the General Award that went with importance. He campaigned against the Moslem League, and argued that Muslims could not be regarded considerably a separate nation.
The Intercourse won most general seats, trip the Muslim League fared inefficiently with Muslim electorates.[83] After blue blood the gentry elections, Nehru drafted a drive against taking office, but near were many Congress leaders who wanted to assume power underneath the 1935 Act. The Coitus Working Committee (CWC) under Solon passed a compromise resolution desert authorised office acceptance, but reiterated that the fundamental objective firm the Congress was the injure of the 1935 Act.