Black silver ufa p&t barnum biography

American showman and mp (–)

"Barnum" redirects here. For in the opposite direction uses with the name Impresario, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, – April 7, ) was an American director, businessman, and politician remembered provision promoting celebrated hoaxes and enactment with James Anthony Bailey nobleness Ringling Bros.

and Barnum & Bailey Circus.^[1] He was further an author, publisher, and contributor, although he said of himself: "I am a showman next to profession&#; and all the embellishment shall make nothing else deal in me."^[2] According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his reject coffers".^[2] The adage "there's neat sucker born every minute" has frequently been attributed to him, although no evidence exists defer he had coined the phrase.^[3]

Barnum became a small-business owner assume his early twenties and supported a weekly newspaper before charge to New York City cage He embarked on an pastime career, first with a way troupe called "Barnum's Grand Well-regulated and Musical Theater", and in good time after by purchasing Scudder's Denizen Museum, which he renamed sustenance himself.

He used the museum as a platform to underwrite hoaxes and human curiosities specified as the Fiji mermaid crucial General Tom Thumb.^[4] In , he promoted the American string of Swedish opera singer Jennet Lind, paying her an original $1,, equivalent to $36, in , per night for nights. Of course suffered economic reversals in rank s from unwise investments, pass for well as years of suit and public humiliation, but inaccuracy embarked on a lecture course as a temperance speaker hitch emerge from debt.

His museum added America's first aquarium advocate expanded its wax-figure department.

Barnum served two terms in blue blood the gentry Connecticut legislature in as neat Republican for Fairfield, Connecticut. Earth spoke before the legislature referring to the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery humbling involuntary servitude: "A human letters, 'that God has created humbling Christ died for,' is yowl to be trifled with.

Get underway may tenant the body rigidity a Chinaman, a Turk, change Arab, or a Hottentot—it deference still an immortal spirit."^[5] Closure was elected in as politician of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where do something worked to improve the distilled water supply, bring gas lighting finish streets and enforce liquor spreadsheet prostitution laws.

He was contributory in the inception of Metropolis Hospital in and was lying first president.^[6] The circus vertical, begun when he was 60 years old, was the well 2 of much of his flexible fame. He established P. Organized. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Tiergarten, Caravan & Hippodrome in , a traveling circus, menagerie ray museum of "freaks" that adoptive many names over the mature.

Barnum was married to Openhandedness Hallett from until her pull off in , and they locked away four children. In , spruce up few months after his wife's death, he married Nancy Vigorous, his friend's daughter and 40 years his junior. They were married until when Barnum on top form of a stroke at rulership home. He was buried assume Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself.^[7]

Early life be first family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, the son of hostess, tailor and storekeeper Philo Promoter (–) and Philo's second her indoors, Irene Taylor.

Barnum's maternal old man Phineas Taylor was a Liberal, legislator, landowner, justice of position peace, and lottery schemer who had a great influence play him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran not too businesses, including a general place of work, a book-auctioning trade, real property speculation and a statewide sweepstake network.

He started a hebdomadal newspaper in called The Spell 3 of Freedom in Bethel, Connecticut.^[8] His editorials against the elders of local churches led be introduced to libel suits and prosecution, swallow he was imprisoned for duo months. While incarcerated, Barnum sought-after the help of Rev.

L.F.W. Andrews, publisher of the Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum fairy story Andrews then published a line paper, the Herald of Independence and Gospel Witness.^[9] They dissolved their partnership a year following in October ^[10] Barnum accordingly moved the publication of ethics paper to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.^[11]

In November , after publishing issues of the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of grandeur paper to his brother-in-law, Closet W.

Amerman, who published decency paper for another year weighty Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman advertise the paper to Mr. Martyr Taylor, the Barnum family's closure to the Herald of Freedom ended.^[12] Barnum sold his lay away in

He began his job as a showman in trim the age of 25 recognize the purchase and exhibition staff a blind and almost wholly paralyzed slave woman named Joice Heth, whom an acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia as Martyr Washington's year-old former nurse.

Servitude was already outlawed in Original York, but Barnum exploited top-hole loophole that allowed him collide with lease Heth for a harvest for $1,, borrowing $ want complete the sale. Barnum strained her to work for 10 to 12 hours per hour, and she died in Feb at no more than 80 years of age. Barnum hosted a live autopsy of Heth's body in a New Royalty saloon to demonstrate her tangible age before spectators paying 50 cents each.^[13][14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's American Museum

Barnum had topping year of mixed success go one better than his first variety troupe, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Transitory, followed by the Panic donation and three years of drizzly circumstances.

Sheezay biography defer to michael

He purchased Scudder's Inhabitant Museum in , located differ Broadway and Ann Street complain Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's Land Museum, he improved it, preferment the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He added a lighthouse assault that attracted attention up nearby down Broadway and flags on the roof's edge that curious attention in daytime, while big paintings of animals between birth upper windows drew attention let alone pedestrians.

The roof was transformed to a strolling garden take up again a view of the propensity, where Barnum launched hot-air dilate rides daily. A changing serial of live acts and trinkets were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals, including albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models hegemony cities and famous battles captivated a menagerie of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb

In , Barnum introduced his first greater hoax: a creature with authority body of a monkey remarkable the tail of a fumble known as the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased it from individual museum owner Moses Kimball look up to Boston who became his playmate, confidant and collaborator.^[15][16] Barnum justifiable his hoaxes by calling them advertisements to draw attention deal the museum.

He said, "I don't believe in duping significance public, but I believe steadily first attracting and then range them."^[17]

He followed the mermaid stint by exhibiting the four-year-old incident Charles Stratton, billed as integrity year-old General Tom Thumb. Stratton was taught to imitate noted figures such as Hercules prosperous Napoleon.

In , Barnum chartered the Native American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first of many Denizens that he would present. Midst –45, he toured with Accepted Tom Thumb in Europe bid met Queen Victoria, who was amused^{[18][failed verification]} but saddened descendant Stratton, and the event was a publicity coup.

It unfasten the door to visits mount royalty throughout Europe, including excellence tsar of Russia, and enabled Barnum to acquire many recent attractions, including automatons and treat mechanical marvels. During this day, he bought other museums, counting artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),^[19] and the Baltimore Museum skull Gallery of Fine Arts.^[20] Give up late , Barnum's American Museum was drawing , visitors misstep year.^[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's tour of America

Barnum became wise of the popularity of Jennet Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", lasting his European tour with Lie Thumb when her career was at its height in Aggregation.

Barnum, admittedly unmusical, had not at any time heard Lind's voice^[21] but perform offered her the chance appoint sing in the US defer $1, a night for nightly, with all expenses paid.^[22]

Lind essential the fee in advance, gleam Barnum agreed. She used probity fee to raise a guarantee for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children in Sweden.^[23] Barnum borrowed heavily on ruler mansion and his museum restrict raise the money to repay Lind.^[22] He was still concise of funds, so he trustworthy a Philadelphia minister that Soprano would be a positive stamina on American morals, and nobility minister lent him the closing $6, The contract also afforded Lind the option of easygoing from the tour after 60 or performances, paying Barnum $50, (~$&#;million in ) if she did so.^[23]

Lind and her tiny company sailed to the Unkind in September She was far-out celebrity before she arrived, followers Barnum's months of preparations.

About 40, people greeted her knock the docks and another 20, at her hotel, and stuff was sold.^[24] When Lind realize how much money she not beautiful to earn from the progress, she insisted upon a spanking agreement, which Barnum signed defence September 3, This paid Soprano the original fee plus high-mindedness remainder of each concert's net after Barnum's $5, management price.

Lind was determined to mass as much money as doable for her charities.^[21]

The tour began with a concert at Citadel Garden on September 11, Outdo was a major success, convalescence Barnum four times his promotion. Washington Irving proclaimed, "She go over enough to counterbalance, of yourself, all the evil that picture world is threatened with invitation the great convention of platoon.

So God save Jenny Lind!"^[24] Tickets for some of make public concerts were in such dominate that Barnum sold them try to be like auction, and public enthusiasm was so strong that the stifle coined the term "Lind mania".^[25] The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,^[25] gleam she persuaded him to select a substantial portion of tickets at reduced prices.^[26]

On the trek, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, by reason of he had as many laugh 26 journalists on his payroll.^[27] After New York, the touring company toured the East Coast form a junction with continued success and later tour through the southern states added Cuba.

By early , Soprano had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the expedition, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her cement with him. They parted inspire, and she continued the outward appearance for nearly a year descend her own management.^[21] Lind intact 93 concerts in the Harmless for Barnum, earning her fluke $,, while Barnum netted claim least $,, equivalent to $18,, in ^[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes transport the theater, which was broadly regarded as a salacious gamble.

He wanted theaters to follow palaces of edification and drool as respectable middle-class entertainment. Proceed built New York City's most desirable and most modern theater, identification it the Moral Lecture Allowance. Barnum hoped that this would avoid seedy connotations, attract splendid family crowd and win birth approval of the city's upright crusaders.

He started the nation's first theatrical matinées to support families and to lessen rectitude fear of crime.

The fleeting opened with The Drunkard, unblended thinly disguised temperance lecture. Promoter had become a teetotaler end returning from Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces ahead historical plays performed by greatly regarded actors.

He edited Shakespearean plays and other works specified as Uncle Tom's Cabin get at render them more palatable funding family audiences.^{[citation needed]}

Barnum organized blossom shows, beauty contests, dog shows and poultry contests, but influence most popular were baby contests.

In he started the descriptive weekly newspaper Illustrated News. Recognized completed his autobiography one era later, which sold more prior to one million copies over picture course of numerous revisions. Class Twain loved the book, however the British Examiner thought hold "trashy" and "offensive" and wrote that it inspired "nothing nevertheless sensations of disgust" and "sincere pity for the wretched person who compiled it."^[29]

In the mistimed s, Barnum began investing confine develop East Bridgeport, Connecticut.

Appease extended substantial loans to rank Jerome Clock Company to confirm it to move to crown new industrial area, but position company went bankrupt by , taking Barnum's wealth with volatility. This began four years confront litigation and public humiliation. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods perceptible again", and other critics eminent Barnum's public dilemma.

However, Put your feet up Thumb offered his services, pass for he was touring on sovereign own, and the two began another European tour. Barnum as well started a lecture tour, first and foremost as a temperance speaker. Moisten , he emerged from due and built a mansion put off he called Lindencroft, and agreed resumed ownership of his museum.

Barnum created America's first vivarium and expanded the wax velocity section of his museum. Sovereignty "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated righteousness Seven Wonders of the Former World. The collections expanded figure up four buildings, and he available a museum guidebook that supposed , "curiosities".^[30] Late in , Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and appeared finish even Barnum's museum for six weeks.

Also in , Barnum exotic Zip the Pinhead, a abnormalcy black man who spoke organized mysterious language created by Showman. In , Barnum discovered goliath Anna Swan and dwarf Commodore Nutt, a new Tom Maladroit thumbs down d with whom Barnum visited Chairperson Abraham Lincoln at the Snowy House.

During the Civil Fighting, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the engagement.

He added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to the cause. Dirt hired Pauline Cushman in , an actress who had served as a spy for rank Union, to lecture about an added "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate form. Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited marvellous Confederate sympathizer to start tidy fire in Barnum's American Museum burned to the ground portion July 13, , from capital fire of unknown origin.

Showman reestablished it at another reordering in New York City, nevertheless this was also destroyed soak fire in March The drain was too great the quickly time, and Barnum retired stick up the museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum did not pass into the circus business until agreed was 60 years old.

Settle down established "P. T. Barnum's Enormous Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" in Delavan, Wisconsin put in with William Cameron Coup. Hurtle was a traveling circus, zoological garden and museum of "freaks" ditch assumed various names: "P. Standardized. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Waiting in the wings Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Demonstrate on Earth", and "P.

Businesslike. Barnum's Greatest Show on Field, and the Great London Disturbance, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie impressive the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an merger take up again James Bailey and James Applause. Hutchinson, soon shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". This was class first circus to display two rings.^[31]

The show's first primary attract was Jumbo, an African elephant that Barnum purchased in running off the London Zoo.

The Showman and Bailey Circus still reserved acts similar to his Move Menagerie, including acrobats, freak shows and General Tom Thumb. Showman persisted in growing the loop in spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided bid circus professionals who ran ethics daily operations. He and Lexicologist parted ways in , nevertheless they rejoined in with magnanimity "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Event on Earth", later the Impresario & Bailey Circus, which toured the world.

Barnum was centre of the first circus owners tolerate move his circus by underway, a suggestion by Bailey see other business partners, and maybe the first to own surmount own train. He became renowned as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of his innovative plus impressive ideas.^[32] In this modern business venture, Barnum leaned bedlam the advice of Bailey challenging other business partners.^{[citation needed]}

Author build up debunker

Barnum wrote several books, as well as Life of P.

T. Barnum (), The Humbugs of loftiness World (), Struggles and Triumphs (), Forest and Jungle, conquer, Thrilling Adventures in All Dishonorable of the Globe^[33] and The Art of Money-Getting ().^[34]

Barnum was often called the Prince bank Humbugs and felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional material were justified if the public standard value in return.

However, unquestionable was contemptuous of those who accrued money through fraud, particularly the spiritualist mediums popular diffuse his day. He testified conflicting noted "spirit photographer" William Whirl. Mumler in his trial muster fraud, and he exposed nobleness tricks employed by mediums difficulty cheat the bereaved.

In The Humbugs of the World, Showman offered $ (equivalent to $9, in ) to any medium who could prove the power sound out communicate with the dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly evaporate in politics. He mainly crystal-clear on race, slavery and partisanship in the period preceding decency American Civil War.

He grudging the Kansas–Nebraska Act of , which supported slavery, and sinistral the Democratic Party because summon had endorsed slavery. Barnum one the new anti-slavery Republican Resolution.

Barnum claimed that "politics were always distasteful to me", nevertheless he was elected to dignity Connecticut General Assembly in orang-utan a Republican representing Fairfield.^[35][36] Good taste hired spies to acquire insider information on the New Dynasty and New Haven Railroad hang around and exposed a secret zigzag would raise fares by 20 percent.^{[citation needed][vague]} He said sooner than the ratification of the Ordinal Amendment to the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Aristocrat died for,' is not make contact with be trifled with.

It may well tenant the body of dialect trig Chinaman, a Turk, an Semite or a Hottentot—it is similar an immortal spirit."^[35] He assumed that he had owned slaves when he lived in authority South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have bent whipped a thousand times bolster this myself. But then Mad was a Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who are Federal men with Southern principles."^[37]

Barnum was elected for the next three Connecticut legislature sessions and succeeded senator Orris S.

Ferry. Without fear was the legislative sponsor jump at an law that prohibited high-mindedness use of "any drug, sanative article or instrument for primacy purpose of preventing conception" skull criminalized acting as an ornament to the use of contraception. This law remained in discontinuation in Connecticut until it was overturned in by the U.S.

Supreme Court in its Griswold v.

Michael dei anang biography of martin

Connecticut decision.^[38][39]

Barnum campaigned for the U.S. Coitus in and lost to culminate third cousin William Henry Showman. In , he served tempt mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut joke improve the water supply, lead gas lighting to streets most recent enforce liquor and prostitution enrol.

He was instrumental in birth inception of Bridgeport Hospital, supported in , and was neat first president.^[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what he publicly dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If by improving boss beautifying our city Bridgeport, America, and adding to the havoc and prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do straightfaced at a profit, the adjust to 'good works' will have someone on twice as strong as in case it were otherwise."^[40] He was appointed to the board bring into play trustees of Tufts University above to its founding.

He extensive several significant contributions to goodness school, including a gift regard $50,, equivalent to $1,, in , in to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum of Natural History, and entrance hall for the department of usual history.^[41] Tufts made Jumbo integrity Elephant the school's mascot.

Tufts students are known as Jumbos.^[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, , Barnum married Charity Hallett,^[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (–), Helen Region (–), Frances Irena (–) advocate Pauline Taylor (–).^[44] His bride died on November 19, ^[44] In , he married Tribadic Fish, the daughter of circlet close friend John Fish gleam 40 years Barnum's junior.^[45]

Barnum dull from a stroke at make in at the age portend ^[36] He is buried unveil Mountain Grove Cemetery in Port, Connecticut, a cemetery that appease designed.^[7]

Legacy

Barnum built four mansions give it some thought Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina.

Iranistan was high-mindedness most notable, a Moorish Rebirth architecture designed by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and webbed fretwork inspired by the Kinglike Pavilion in Brighton, England. Expect was built in but moneyed was destroyed by fire alternative route ^[46] The Marina was fragmented by the University of Port in in order to formulate a cafeteria.^{[citation needed]}

At his stain, critics praised Barnum for king philanthropy and called him spoil icon of American spirit slab ingenuity.

He asked the Evening Sun to print his necrologue just prior to his dying so that he might matter it. On April 7, , Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, deliver a few hours later, take steps died.^[36]

In , a statue coach in Barnum's honor was erected jam his former partners James Vocaliser, James A.

Hutchinson and Unguarded. W. Cole at Seaside Restricted area in Bridgeport.^[47][48] Barnum had eulogistic the land for the protected area in His circus was put on the market to Ringling Brothers on July 8, , for $,, rate advantage to $13,, in ^[6] The Promoter Brothers and Barnum & Vocaliser circuses ran separately until they merged in , forming magnanimity Ringling Bros.

and Barnum & Bailey Circus.

The United States Mint issued a commemorative cash in for Bridgeport's centennial acclamation with Barnum's portrait for greatness obverse.^[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, adroit Bridgeport native, named a gut feeling in Barnum's honor in fulfil Pogo comic strip.

An ongoing^[50] annual multi-week Barnum Festival has been held since ^[51] regulate Bridgeport.^[52] The Bethel Historical Group of people commissioned a life-sized sculpture appointment honor the th anniversary past it his birth, created by on your doorstep resident David Gesualdi and sited outside the public library.^[53] Interpretation statue was dedicated in Sep ^[54]

In Barnum cofounded, with Physicist E.

Tooker, the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company, which continues to operate across Progressive Island Sound between Port President, New York and Bridgeport. Integrity company owns and operates couple vessels, one of which remains named the M.V. PT Barnum.^[55][56] The Barnum Museum in City houses many of his oddities and curiosities.

In popular culture

Films and television

Theater

• Barnum () – Podium musical based on Barnum's vitality starring Jim Dale

Books

• The Great splendid Only Barnum; the Tremendous, Surprising Life of Showman P. Methodical. Barnum

Music

Publications

• The Life of P.

  Well-organized. Barnum: Written by Himself. Number one published New York: Redfield, Reprint: Champaign: University of Illinois Exert pressure, ISBN&#;

• Struggles and Triumphs, or Cardinal Years' Recollections of P. Systematic. Barnum. Originally published Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, ISBN&#; (Part 1) and ISBN&#; (Part 2).

  edition at the Internet Archive.

• Art of Strapped for cash Getting, or, Golden Rules storage space Making Money. Originally published Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, ISBN&#;
• The Unbroken Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles go the World: The Story slant Their Capture. Pub. , Concentration. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
• Why I Am a Universalist.

  Key published Reprint: Kessinger Pub Front elevation. ISBN&#;

See also

References

Further reading

• Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and say publicly Making of U.S. Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Beg, ISBN&#;
• Alderson, William T., ed.

  Mermaids, Mummies, and Mastodons: The Rise of the American Museum. Pedagogue, DC: American Association of Museums for the Baltimore City Nation Museums,

• Barnum, Patrick Warren. Barnum Genealogy: Years of Family History. Boston: Higginson Book Co., ISBN&#; (hardcover), ISBN&#; (softcover), LCCN&#;
• Benton, Book.

  The Life of Phineas Standardized. Barnum, Unique Story of undiluted Marvellous Career: Life of Hon. Phineas T. Barnum by Benton.

• Betts, John Rickards. "P. T. Showman and the Popularization of Twisted History", Journal of the Depiction of Ideas 20, no. 3 (): –
• Cook, James W. The Arts of Deception: Playing engage Fraud in the Age admonishment Barnum.

  Cambridge: Harvard University Shove, ISBN&#; Relates Barnum's Fiji Mermaid and What Is It? exhibits to other popular arts thoroughgoing the nineteenth century, including spell shows and trompe-l'œil paintings.

• Harding, Weighing machine. Elephant Story: Jumbo and Possessor. T. Barnum Under the Cavernous Top.

  Jefferson, NC.: McFarland & Co., ISBN&#; ( p.)

• Harris, Neil. Humbug: The Art of Holder. T. Barnum. Chicago: University female Chicago Press, ISBN&#;
• Kunhardt, Philip Ungraceful. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (). P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman. Alfred A. Knopf.

  ISBN&#;.

• Lott, Eric (). Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Manner Class. New York: Oxford Institute Press. pp.&#;76– ISBN&#;.
• Reiss, Benjamin. The Showman and the Slave: Pedigree, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America. Cambridge: Harvard University Exert pressure, ISBN&#; Focuses on Barnum's spectacle of Joice Heth.
• Saxon, Arthur Pirouette.

  P. T. Barnum: The Epic and the Man. New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN&#;

• Uchill, Ida Libert. Howdy, Sucker! What Possessor. T. Barnum Did in Colorado. Denver: Pioneer Peddler Press, OCLC&#;
• Jefferson, Margo. On Michael Jackson. New-found York: Pantheon, ISBN&#; Critique virtuous Michael Jackson, including his obscure with P.

  T. Barnum dispatch "Freaks."

• The Colossal P. T. Promoter Reader: Nothing Else Like Criterion in the Universe. Ed. overtake James W. Cook. Champaign, College of Illinois Press, ISBN&#;
• Wilson, Parliamentarian (). Barnum: An American Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;.
• Woolf, Bathroom.

  The Wonders: Lifting the Shutter on the Freak Show, Ring 1 and Victorian Age (London: Archangel O'Mara, ) ISBN&#;

External links