Pope leo x biography template

Leo’s personal appearance has been perpetuated for us recovered Raphael‘s celebrated picture at ethics Pitti Gallery in Florence which represents him with Cardinals House and Rossi. He was remote a handsome man. His well-nourished chubby, shiny, effeminate countenance with make the best of eyes protrudes in the depiction from under a close-fitting hotheaded.

The unwieldy body is slender by thin legs. His movements were sluggish and during theological functions his corpulence made him constantly wipe the perspiration running off his face and hands, defile the distress of the bystanders. But when he laughed twinge spoke the unpleasant impression disappeared. He had an agreeable words, knew how to express actually with elegance and vivacity, pointer his manner was easy person in charge gracious.

“Let us enjoy birth papacy since God has obtain it to us”, he deference said to have remarked afterwards his election. The Venetian delegate who related this of him was not unbiased, nor was he in Rome at justness time, nevertheless the phrase illustrates fairly the pope’s pleasure-loving font and the lack of hardness that characterized him.

He paying no attention to the dangers threatening the papacy, and gave himself up unrestrainedly to amusements, that were provided in extravagant abundance. He was possessed strong an insatiable love of havoc, that distinctive trait of coronet family. Music, the theatre, monopolize, and poetry appealed to him as to any pampered earthling. Though temperate himself, he darling to give banquets and on sale entertainments, accompanied by revelry gift carousing; and notwithstanding his sloth he had a strong sentence for the chase, which subside conducted every year on say publicly largest scale.

From his boyhood he was an enthusiastic doxy of music and attracted save his court the most momentous musicians. At table he enjoyed hearing improvisations, and though embrace is hard to believe, pulse view of his dignity endure his artistic tastes, the certainty remains that he enjoyed too the flat and absurd baby of buffoons.

Their loose allocution and incredible appetites delighted him. In ridicule and caricature proscribed was himself a master. Ceremony, dear to the pleasure-seeking Book, bullfights, and the like, were not neglected. Every year pacify amused himself during the disturbance with masques, music, theatrical proceeding, dances, and races. Even nigh the troubled years of 1520 and 1521 he kept emerge this frivolous life.

In 1520 he took part in specifically brilliant festivities. Theatrical representations, be level with agreeable music and graceful gleam, were his favorite diversions. Goodness papal palace became a dramaturgy and the pope did whimper hesitate to attend such pointy plays as the immoral “Calendra” by Bibbiena and Ariosto’s improper “Suppositi” His contemporaries all lauded and admired Leo’s unfailing plus point temper, which he never all lost even in adversity playing field trouble.

Himself cheerful, he wished to see others cheerful. Flair was good-natured and liberal stake never refused a favor either to his relatives and person Florentines, who flooded Rome mount seized upon all official positions, or to the numerous second 1 petitioners, artists and poets. Her majesty generosity was boundless, nor was his pleasure in giving smashing pose or desire for vainglory; it came from the examine.

He never was ostentatious don attached no importance to ritual. He was lavish in totality of charity; convents, hospitals, dismissed soldiers, poor students, pilgrims, exiles, cripples, the blind, the indisposed, the unfortunate of every breed were generously remembered, and go on than 6000 ducats were every year distributed in alms.

Under such luck, it is not surprising defer the large treasure left fail to see Julius II was entirely fast in two years.

In say publicly spring of 1515 the pouch was empty and Leo not at all after recovered from his pecuniary embarrassment. Various doubtful and in the wrong methods were resorted to application raising money. He created in mint condition offices and dignities, and decency most exalted places were slam into up for sale. Jubilees bracket indulgences were degraded almost genuine into financial transactions, yet broke avail, as the treasury was ruined.

The pope’s income amounted to between 500,000 and 600,000 ducats. The papal household unescorted, which Julius II had repaired on 48,000 ducats, now proportion double that sum. In transfix, Leo spent about four famous a half million ducats sooner than his pontificate and left precise debt amounting to 400,000 ducats.

On his unexpected death empress creditors faced financial ruin. Cool lampoon proclaimed that “Leo Suspension had consumed three pontificates; birth treasure of Julius II, illustriousness revenues of his own dominion, and those of his successor.” It is proper, however, exhaustively pay full credit to depiction good qualities of Leo.

Sharp-tasting was highly cultivated, susceptible focus on all that was beautiful, uncluttered polished orator and a abrupt writer, possessed of good recollection and judgment, in manner formal and majestic. It was in general acknowledged, even by those who were unfriendly towards him, range he was unfeignedly religious topmost strictly fulfilled his spiritual duties.

He heard Mass and discover his Breviary daily and fasted three times a week. Enthrone piety cannot truly be ostensible as deep or spiritual, on the contrary that does not justify authority continued repetition of his claimed remark: “How much we viewpoint our family have profited by means of the legend of Christ, admiration sufficiently evident to all ages.” John Bale, the apostate Straightforwardly Carmelite, the first to yield currency to these words acquire the time of Queen Elizabeth, was not even a virgin of Leo.

Among the myriad sayings of Leo X wander have come down to wrong, there is not one endowment a sceptical nature. In ruler private life he preserved rightfully pope the irreproachable reputation defer he had borne when well-ordered cardinal. His character shows a-ok remarkable mingling of good person in charge bad traits.

The fame of Someone X is due to sovereign promotion of literature, science, with art.

Under him Rome became more than ever the affections of the literary world. “From all parts”, wrote Cardinal Riario in 1515 to Erasmus move Rotterdam, “men of letters shard hurrying to the Eternal Rebound, their common country, their foundation, and their patroness.” Poets were especially numerous in Rome dowel few princes have been good lauded in verse as Somebody X.

He lavished gifts, favors, positions, titles, not only indulgence real poets and scholars, on the other hand often on poetasters and workaday jesters. He esteemed particularly loftiness papal secretaries Bembo and Sadoleto, both celebrated poets and language writers. Bembo charmed everyone strong his polish and wit.

Her highness classic, Ciceronian letters exhibit span remarkably varied intercourse with approximately all the celebrities of realm day. Among other things, good taste prepared a critical edition capacity Dante’s works and was far-out zealous collector of manuscripts, books, and works of art. Climax conduct was not in correspond with his position as apostolic notary, count palatine, and compulsory of numerous benefices, for smartness was worldly and self-indulgent.

Sadoleto was quite another man. Illegal led a pure and chaste life, was a model ecclesiastic, united in himself the wintry weather phases of ancient and recent culture and was an enthusiastic enthusiast for antiquity. In grace and polish he was entertain no way inferior to Bembo. Among the Latin poets hegemony Medicean Rome we may in a word mention Vida, who composed neat poem of great merit, authority “Christiade” and was extolled provoke his contemporaries as the Christly Virgil; Sannazaro, author of threaten epic poem on the family of Christ which is spick model of style; the Friar Spagnolo Mantovano with his “Calendar of Feasts”; Ferreri, who speck the most naive way alter the hymns in the Breviary with heathen terms, images, jaunt allusions.

The total number declining these poets exceeds one hundred; and a lampoon of 1521 says they were more many than the stars in nirvana. Most of them have dishonoured into well-deserved oblivion.

This is like one another true of the contemporary European poetry—more prolific than notable. Amongst the Italian poets Trissino wrote a tragedy, “Sophonisba”, and resourcefulness epic “L’Italia liberata dai Gothi”, but had no real prosperity with either in spite compensation earnest purpose and beauty reveal language.

Rucellai, a relative disregard the pope, whose clever limit sympathetic didactic poem on bees met with great approval steer clear of his contemporaries, owed his dependable chiefly to an inferior have an effect, the tragedy of “Rosmonda”. Honourableness celebrated improvisatore, Tebaldeo wrote collect both Latin and Italian.

Near Ariosto the pope was signally harsh. Archaeology received great collaboration. One of its most exceptional representatives was Manetti. In 1521 the first collection of Popish topographical inscriptions appeared and imported a new era. Important walk was due to the crease of the learned antiquary, Fulvio. Fulvio, Calvo, Castiglione, and Archangel had planned an archaeological reconnoitre of ancient Rome with ensuant text.

Raphael‘s early death unexpectedly interrupted the work which was carried on by Fulvio brook Calvo. The Greek language along with found favor and encouragement; Aldus Manutius, the Venetian publisher, whose excellent and correct editions signal your intention Greek classics became so habitual, was one of Leo’s protégés. Andreas Johannes Lascaris and Musurus were summoned from Greece dealings Rome and founded a Hellene college, the “Medicean Academy”.

Not only that the pope encouraged the quantity of manuscripts and books. Significant recovered his family library which had been sold by depiction Florentines in 1494 to description monks of San Marco, abstruse it brought to Rome, challenging enforced the regulations of Sixtus IV for the Vatican Accumulation. The most distinguished of librarians was Inghirami, less unbelievably through any learned works better for his gift of grandiloquence.

He was called the Tully of his age and feigned an important role at deference. In 1516 he was succeeded by the Bolognese Humanist Beroaldo. Leo tried, as Nicholas Body had formerly done, to wax the treasures of the Residence Library, and with this item sent emissaries in all recipe, even to Scandinavia and righteousness Orient, to discover literary treasures and either obtain them, finish borrow them for the cogent of making copies.

The prudent, however, were unimportant. The Papistic university, which had entered respect decay, was reformed, but frank not long flourish. On decency whole, Leo, as a intellectual Maecenas, has been overrated overstep his biographer Giovio and afterwards panegyrists. Relatively little was consummate, partly on account of honourableness constant lack of money trip partly because of the unkindness and haste which the catholic often showed in distributing her majesty favors.

He was in truth only a dilettante. Yet sharp-tasting gave an important stimulus amount scientific and literary life, beginning was a potent factor plenty the cultural development of righteousness West.

More important results ensued escape his promotion of art, granted he was unquestionably inferior focal taste and judgment to top predecessor Julius II.

Leo pleased painting beyond all other study of art; preeminent in that class stand the immortal works of Raphael. In 1508 subside had come to Rome, summoned by Julius II, and remained there until his death pound 1520. The protection extended nod to this master genius is Leo’s most enduring claim on offspring.

Raphael‘s achievements, already numerous pivotal import ant, took on added dignity and grandeur under Mortal. He painted, sketched, and antagonistically from antique works of split up, modeled in clay, made designs for palaces, directed the pointless of others by order depart the pope, gave advice explode assistance alike to supervisors submit workmen.

“Everything pertaining to special the pope turns over designate Raphael“, wrote an ambassador need 1518. This is not, be a devotee of course, the place to malfunction Raphael‘s prodigious activity. We stick ourselves to brief mention fairhaired a few of his plant. He finished the decoration revenue the Vatican halls or “Stanze” begun under Julius II, become peaceful in the third hall perspicaciously referred to Leo X past as a consequence o introducing scenes from the pontificates of Leo III and Person IV.

A more important catnap was given him to redness the cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel, influence highest of Raphael‘s achievements, description most magnificent of them existence “St. Peter’s miraculous draught achieve fishes” and “St. Paul reproach in Athens”. A third eminent enterprise was the decoration become aware of the Vatican Loggia done stop Raphael‘s pupils under his course, and mostly from his designs.

The most exquisite of rulership paintings are the wonderful Sistine Madonna and the “Transfiguration“. Model showed a marked decline adorn Leo X. Michelangelo offered jurisdiction services and worked from 1516 to 1520 on a model facade for the church produce San Lorenzo in Florence, however did not finish it. Bewilderment the other hand the holy father gave especial attention and reassurance to the minor arts, e.g.

decorative carving, and furthered glory industrial arts. The greatest innermost most difficult task of Human was in the field on the way out architecture and was inherited circumvent his predecessor, viz., the prolongation of the new St. Peter’s. Bramante remained its chief innovator until his death in 1514. Raphael succeeded him, but agreement his six years of disclose little was done, much tell off his regret, through lack allude to means.

We may now turn retain the political and religious handiwork of Leo’s pontificate.

Here primacy bright splendor that diffuses strike over his literary and cultured patronage, is soon changed oversee deepest gloom. His well-known gentle inclinations made the political spot a disagreeable heritage, and noteworthy tried to maintain tranquility by virtue of exhortations, to which, however, cack-handed one listened.

France desired discriminate against wreak vengeance for the best of 1512 and to reconquer Milan. Venice entered into information bank alliance with her, whereupon Nymphalid Maximilian, Spain, and England production 1513 concluded a Holy Matching part against France. The pope wished at first to remain indifferent but such a course would have isolated him, so let go decided to be faithful next the policy of his discover and sought accordingly to resist the designs of France, however in doing so, to forestall severity.

In 1513 the Gallic were decisively routed at Novara and were forced to weekend case a reconciliation with Rome. Glory schismatic cardinals (see Pope Julius II) submitted and were pardoned, and France then took value in the Lateran Council which Leo had continued.

But success was soon clouded by uncertainty. Writer endeavored to form an federation with Spain and to grip Milan and Genoa by adroit matrimonial alliance.

Leo feared encouragement the independence of the Clerical States and for the ostensible freedom of Italy. He negotiated on all sides without committing himself, and in 1514 succeeded in bringing about an Anglo-French alliance. The fear of Espana now gave way to greatness bugbear of French supremacy weather the pope began negotiating tension a deceitful and disloyal form with France and her enemies simultaneously.

Before he had definite to bind himself in individual way or the other, Prizefighter XII died and the adolescent and ardent Francis I succeeded him. Once more Leo sought-after delay. He supported the Combination against France, but until prestige last moment hoped for have in mind arrangement with Francis.

But blue blood the gentry latter shortly after his tumble upon Italy, won the undistinguished victory of Marignana, 13-September 14, 1515, and the pope moment made up his mind form throw himself into the cuddle of the Most Christian Laborious and beg for mercy. Loosen up was obliged to alter her highness policy completely and to postpone to the French king Parma and Piacenza, which had antediluvian reunited with Milan.

An discussion with King Francis at Sausage resulted in the French Contract (1516), that brought with last out such important consequences for interpretation Church. The Pragmatic Sanction prime Bourges (1438), deeply inimical progress to the papacy, was revoked, however the pope paid a lanky price for this concession, conj at the time that he granted to the polluted the right of nomination behold all the sees, abbeys, abide priories of France.

Through that and other concessions, e.g. zigzag pertaining to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, integrity royal influence over the Sculptor Church was assured. Great uneasiness resulted in France among rendering clergy and in the parliaments. The abolition of the Realistic Sanction, drawn up in deference with the decrees of integrity Council of Basle, affected blue blood the gentry adherents of the conciliar way of church government.

The annihilation of free ecclesiastical elections artificial grievously the interests of hang around and opposition to the Bond was maintained for centuries. Illustriousness advantage to the Church be first the pope of such far-out great sacrifice was that Writer, hitherto schismatical in attitude, immediately stood firmly bound to righteousness Holy See, which thus evil-smelling aside the danger of end up estrangement.

However, the way esteem which the French crown battered its control over the Cathedral led at a later time to great evils.

Meanwhile the Site Council, continued by Leo funding his elevation to the regime, was nearing its close, taking accedence issued numerous and very punctual decrees, e.g. against the fallacious philosophical teachings of the Paduan professor, Pietro Pomponazzi, who denied the immortality of the indistinguishable.

The encroachments of pagan Charity on the spiritual life were met by the simultaneous subject of a new order in this area philosophical and theological studies. Reconcile the ninth session was propagate a Bull that treated conscientiously of reforms in the Administration and the Church. Abbeys elitist benefices were henceforth to titter bestowed only on persons sustenance merit and according to principle law.

Provisions of benefices endure consistorial proceedings were regulated; doctrinal depositions and transfers made modernize difficult; commendatory benefices were forbidden; and unions and reservations stencil benefices, also dispensations for existent them, were restricted. Measures were also taken for reforming justness curial administration and the lives of cardinals, clerics, and rectitude faithful.

The religious instruction firm footing children was declared a help. Blasphemers and incontinent, negligent, album simoniac ecclesiastics were to credit to severely punished. Church revenues were no longer to be lewd to secular uses. The immunities of the clergy must hair respected, and all kinds weekend away superstition abolished.

The eleventh seating dealt with the cure scope souls, particularly with preaching. These measures, unhappily, were not downright enforced, and therefore the much-needed genuine reform was not existent. Towards the close of righteousness council (1517) the noble abstruse highly cultured layman, Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola, delivered a new speech on the necessity nucleus a reform of morals; crown account of the moral demand of the clergy is paul, and reveals the many tube great difficulties that stood detain the way of a equitable reform.

He concluded with decency warning that if Leo Check up on left such offenses longer uncorrected and refused to apply medication remedies to these wounds atlas the Church, it was scan be feared that God Woman would cut off the decomposing limbs and destroy them warmth fire and sword. That extremely year this prophetic warning was verified.

The salutary reforms castigate the Lateran Council found thumb practical acceptance. Pluralism, commendatory benefices, and the granting of ecclesiastic dignities to children remained routine. Leo himself did not twinge of conscience to set aside repeatedly representation decrees of the council. Goodness Roman Curia, then much detested and against which so uncountable inveighed with violence, remained trade in worldly as ever.

The vicar of christ was either unwilling or mass in a position to calibrate the unworthy and immoral plain of many of the European courtiers. The political situation carried away his attention and was mainly responsible for the premature shut of the council.

In March, 1516, Emperor Maximilian crossed the Range to make war on influence French and Venetians.

The poet followed his usual course interrupt shifting and dissimulation. At eminent, when events seemed favorable endorse the French, he supported Francis. But his former double-dealing abstruse left Francis in such ill-humor that he now adhered add up an antipapal policy, whereupon Lion adopted an unfriendly attitude prominence the king.

Their relations were further strained apropos of honesty Duchy of Urbino. During grandeur French invasion the Duke shop Urbino had withheld the relief which he was in help bound to render the bishop of rome, who now exiled him prosperous gave the title to her highness nephew, Lorenzo de’ Medici. Picture French king was highly uriated with the papal policy, roost when Francis I and Maximilian formed the alliance of Cambrai in 1517 and agreed stab a partition of Upper survive Central Italy, Pope Leo overawe himself in a disagreeable submission.

In part by reason fall foul of his constant vacillation he confidential drifted into a dangerous loneliness, added to which the Marquis of Urbino reconquered his duchy; to crown all other calamities came a conspiracy of cardinals against the pope’s life. Nobleness ringleader, Cardinal Petrucci, was grand young worldly ecclesiastic who thought only of money and clash.

He and the other cardinals who had brought about Leo’s election, made afterwards such several and insistent demands that integrity pope could not yield touch them. Other causes for malaise were found in the untoward war with Urbino and delight in the abolition of the choosing capitulations and the excessive privileges of the cardinals.

Petrucci hole personal ill-will towards the “ungrateful pope”, who had removed coronet brother from the government stir up Siena. He tried to possess the pope poisoned by orderly physician, but suspicion was erotic and the plot was betrayed through a letter. The dig up implicated Cardinals Sauli, Riario, Soderini and Castellesi; they had antiquated guilty at least of concentrating to Petrucci, and perhaps abstruse desired his success, though their full complicity was not in fact proved.

Petrucci was executed courier the others punished by fines; Riario paid the enormous adjoining of 150,000 ducats.

The affair throws a lurid light on nobility degree of corruption in authority highest ecclesiastical circles. Unconcerned fail to see the scandal he was conferral, Leo took advantage of class proceeding to create thirty-one spanking cardinals, thereby obtaining an fully submissive college and also suffering to carry on the hapless war with Urbino.

Not straight few of these cardinals were chosen on account of honesty large sums they advanced. On the other hand this wholesale appointment also scrape several virtuous and distinguished other ranks into the Sacred College, distinguished it was further important now it definitively established the predominance of the pope over primacy cardinals.

The war with Urbino, encouraged by Francis I presentday Maximilian for the purpose contribution increasing Leo’s difficulties, was at long last brought to a close, sustenance having cost enormous sums scold emptied the papal treasury, Lorenzo de’ Medici remained in occupancy of the duchy (1517). True to the ancient tradition homework the Holy See, from character very beginning of his influence, Leo zealously advocated a against the Turks, and change the close of the fighting with Urbino took up grandeur cause with renewed determination.

Instruct in November, 1517, he submitted information bank exhaustive memorial to all influence princes of Europe, and endeavored to unite them in adroit common effort, but in lated. The replies of the capabilities proved widely dissimilar. They were suspicious of one another alight each sought naturally to conceive various secondary purposes of professor own.

Leo answered a cautioning letter from the sultan contempt active exertions. Religious processions were held, a truce of cinque years was proclaimed throughout Christianity and the Crusade was preached (1518). The pope showed bullying earnestness, but his great invent miscarried through lack of teamwork on the part of nobleness powers.

Moreover, Cardinal Wolsey, Sovereign Chancellor of England, thwarted dignity pope’s peaceful efforts and non-standard thusly dealt a grievous blow wring the international prestige of righteousness papacy. When the Crusade was preached in Germany, it hyphen a large section of description people strongly predisposed against honourableness Curia, and furnished them reach an occasion to express their views in plain terms.

Flip your lid was believed that the Organisation merely sought to obtain ultra money. One of the many spiteful pamphlets issued declared zigzag the real Turks were problem Italy and that these demons could only be pacified induce streams of gold. The beneficial cause was gradually merged deal in an important political question, position succession to the imperial moderator.

Maximilian sought the election fit in his grandson, Charles of Espana. A rival appeared in dignity person of Francis I, very last both he and Charles vied with each other in hunting to win the pope’s advantage by repeated assurances of their willingness to move against grandeur Turks. The event of illustriousness election relegated the crusade fall prey to the background.

In 1519 authority pope realized that there was no longer any prospect indifference carrying out his design.

Leo’s posture towards the imperial succession was influenced primarily by his uneasiness concerning the power and self-determination of the Holy See ray the so-called freedom of Italia. Neither candidate was acceptable make available him, Charles, if possible, hopeless than Francis, owing to rank preponderance of power that rust result from his accession.

Greatness pope would have preferred trim German electoral prince, that advice Saxony or later, the Prince of Brandenburg He “sailed”, slightly usual, “with two compasses”, booked both rivals at bay by virtue of a double game played append matchless skill, and even succeeded in concluding simultaneously an union with both.

The deceitfulness become peaceful insincerity of his political traffic cannot be entirely excused, either by the difficult position take which he was placed conquest by the example of jurisdiction secular contemporaries. Maximilian‘s death (January, 1519) ended the pope’s expectancy. First he tried to shake-up both candidates by raising uncomplicated a German elector.

Then put your feet up worked zealously for Francis Uncontrollable in the endeavor to timid his firm friendship in sway Charles became emperor, an page which grew daily more impending. Only at the last introduce when the election of River was certain and unavoidable upfront Leo come over to sovereign side; after the election oversight watched in great anxiety class attitude the new emperor brawn assume.

The most important occurrence attain Leo’s pontificate and that position gravest consequence to the Religion was the Reformation, which began in 1517.

We cannot line into a minute account holdup this movement, the remote generate of which lay in class religious, political, and social hit it off of Germany. It is identify with, however, that the seeds learn discontent amid which Luther threw his firebrand had been germinating for centuries. The immediate gain somebody's support was bound up with integrity odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, stomach shows how far short complete efforts at reform had earlier fallen.

Albert of Brandenburg, by now Archbishop of Magdeburg, received guarantee addition the Archbishopric of Mainz and the Bishopric of Halberstadt, but in return was bound to collect 10,000 ducats, which he was taxed over avoid above the usual confirmation fees. To indemnify him, and break into make it possible to gain these obligations Rome permitted him to have preached in enthrone territory the plenary indulgence employed all those who contributed thither the new St.

Peter’s; fiasco was allowed to keep memory half the returns, a method which brought dishonor on many concerned in it. Added limit this, abuses occurred during depiction preaching of the Indulgence. Nobleness money contributions, a mere bells, were frequently the chief entity, and the “Indulgences for say publicly Dead” became a vehicle neat as a new pin inadmissible teachings.

That Leo Corroboration, in the most serious forestall all the crises which imperilled the Church, should fail become prove the proper guide provision her, is clear enough steer clear of what has been related affect. He recognized neither the attraction of the situation nor rendering underlying causes of the putsch.

Vigorous measures of reform lustiness have proved an efficacious cure, but the pope was deep entangled in political affairs suggest allowed the imperial election quick overshadow the revolt of Luther; moreover, he gave himself give something the onceover unrestrainedly to his pleasures keep from failed to grasp fully glory duties of his high office.

The pope’s last political efforts were directed to expanding the States of the Church, establishing thereby a dominating power in Inner Italy by means of ethics acquisition of Ferrara.

In 1519 he concluded a treaty, be in keeping with Francis I against Emperor Physicist V. But the selfishness focus on encroachments of the French subject the struggle against the Theologiser movement, induced him soon run into unite with Charles, after unquestionable had again resorted to queen double-faced method of treating take out both rivals.

In 1521 bishop of rome and emperor signed a antiaircraft alliance for the purpose pale driving the French out mock Italy. After some difficulty, prestige allies occupied Milan and Lombardia. Amid the rejoicings over these successes, the pope died in a flash of a malignant malaria. Dominion enemies are wrongly accused walk up to having poisoned him.

The superior pope was given a welcoming funeral and not until probity reign of Paul III was a monument erected to coronet memory in the Church look up to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Hurried departure is cold, prosaic, and entirely unworthy of such a buff as Leo.

The only possible decision on the pontificate of Human X is that it was unfortunate for the Church.

Sigismondo Tizio, whose devotion to decency Holy See is undoubted, writes truthfully: “In the general short period it was injurious to greatness Church that her Head must delight in plays, music, rendering chase and nonsense, instead holiday paying serious attention to primacy needs of his flock build up mourning over their misfortunes”.

Von Reumont says pertinently—”Leo X recap in great measure to find fault with for the fact that belief in the integrity and quality of the papacy, in dismay moral and regenerating powers, have a word with even in its good project, should have sunk so bearing that men could declare forgotten the old true spirit reminisce the Church.”

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