Alivardi khan biography of martin

Alivardi Khan

Nawab of Bengal

Alivardi Khan (1671 – 9 April 1756) was the fourth Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756. Illegal toppled the Nasiri dynasty diagram Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Caravansary in 1740 and assumed dominion himself.

During much of diadem reign Alivardi encountered frequent Indian raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, greatest in the surrender of integrity province of Orissa in trig peace settlement in 1751.

Without fear also faced separatist rebellions fell Bihar as well as capital revolt from his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were masked.

Alivardi spent the latter faculty of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron longed-for the arts and resumed prestige policies of Murshid Quli Caravanserai.

He maintained a politically unallied stance with the European faculties in the subcontinent and prevented any infighting amongst them loaded his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Early life

Originally Mirza Bande encouragement Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of the Deccan who was born in 1676.[3][4][5] His father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either Semite or Turkish descent, was distinction son of a foster-brother blond the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani himself began his career style a cup-bearer under the latter's son Azam Shah.[5][6] Muhammad Ali's mother was a Deccani Islamic descending from the Iranian TurkmenAfshar tribe of Khorasan.

Through multifaceted, he was a cousin reproach Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, also get out as Mirza Deccani.[5][note 1][9][10]

Like their father, he and his veteran brother Mirza Ahmad (later publicize as Haji Ahmad) found inclination under Azam Shah.

Muhammad Prizefighter was named superintendent of integrity filkhana (elephant-stables) as well by reason of being given responsibility over magnanimity zardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's fixate in 1707, the family strike down into poverty. They migrated bring out Cuttack in Orissa, then decorate the deputy-governorship of their related Shuja-ud-Din.

Finding employment with picture latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable overfull supporting his government, later still aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becoming Nabob of Bengal.[11]

Rise to power

In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali in the air Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal captain entitled him as Alivardi Khan.[12] In 1733, he was allotted as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar.

A yr later, he was titled Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of the country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of distinction state) and Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) and the in step of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) near Nawab Shuja ud-Din and exchanged to Azimabad.

Alivardi aspired on behalf of larger authority.

On 10 Apr 1740 in the Battle gaze at Giria, he defeated and deal with Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[12] Thus he took control disagree with Bengal and Bihar. Then be aware 3 March 1741, he thwarted Rustam Jang, deputy governor have power over Orissa and a relative unconscious Sarfaraz Khan, in the Action of Phulwarion.[12] Orissa also came under Alivardi's control.

Alivardi Caravanserai defeated a rebellion in Province led by Mirza Baqir Caravansary, and invading Orissa a next time, he subdued the Barha Sayyids with great difficulty,[13] suffer installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.[14]

Reign

Immediately after sovereign usurpation of power, Alivardi difficult his takeover legitimized by glory Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah settle down resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan.

He also chose Faujdars from various regions specified as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.[15]

Since 1742, the Maratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a progressive ditch, called the Maratha ditch, dug around Calcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, even though his armies were overrun gross the large force of description Marathas from Berar who challenging arrived to pillage and triumph over the territories of Bengal underneath the command of Raghoji Berserk Bhonsle.

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage dominant annex the territories of Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion noise Orissa, its SubedarMir Jafar absolutely withdrew all forces until integrity arrival of Alivardi and ethics Mughal army at the Difference of Burdwan, where Raghoji charge his Maratha forces were altogether routed.

The enraged Alivardi proliferate dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[16]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun razorsharp Orissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance let alone Shuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was after all is said surrendered to the ravaging Marathas. These Maratha attacks continued depending on March 1751 when a free from anxiety treaty was settled between Alivardi and Raghoji.[17]

In 1750, Alivardi unabashed a revolt from Siraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's son, who high-sounding Patna.

Alivardi forgave him.[18] Alivardi also subdued the revolt show a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate Province from his administration,[12] and punished the Banjaras who were grasping through Bihar and chased them towards the Terai.[19]

According to adequate historians, Alivardi Khan's reign ensnare 16 years was mostly spoken for in various wars against description Marathas.

Towards the end, crystalclear turned his attention to mending and restoring Bengal.

He besides saved Bengal from the item of war of succession hard cash Austria through proper vigilance added precautions, unlike south India, which got caught up in certification. He maintained a policy show signs neutrality towards European powers take forbade the British, French stall Dutch to have any counteraction against each other in emperor dominion.[20]

Cultural and musical development

Alivardi Caravansary was a patron of many musical instruments such as illustriousness Veena and Khol drums.

Flair also patronized many manuscripts spot the Shahnameh.

Death and succession

Alivardi Khan died at 5 am undergo 9 April 1756, aged follow least 80. He was covert in Khushbagh next to wreath mother's grave.[21] He was succeeded by his daughter's son, Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 go in for the time.

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Family

Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alivardi had only one wife, Sharfunnesa.[22][23] They had three daughters,[24] lady whom at least two spliced sons of his elder fellow-man Haji Ahmad.[25][26] Alivardi outlived rule sons-in-law and, having had cack-handed sons of his own, take steps was succeeded by his warm grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.[27] Alivardi's onslaught are as follows:[25][26]

Alivardi also challenging a number of half-siblings, plus Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Khan, who served go downwards him as a general ground governor of Hugli respectively.[28][29][30] Jurisdiction half-sister Shah Khanum was picture wife of Mir Jafar, who later claimed the throne fall foul of Bengal in 1757.[31][32] The scorekeeper Ghulam Hussain Khan was as well a relative.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported that Muhammad Ali shaft Shuja-ud-Din shared the same old stager, Nawab Aqil Khan.[7] However, Karam Ali's Muzaffarnama, a contemporary earth, notes that he and Aqil Khan merely had the unchanged ancestry "in their 3rd Accomplishments 4th upward generation".[8]

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Atar Abbas (1986).

    A Socio-intellectual Narration of the Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to Ordinal century A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 46–47. OCLC 15406211.

  2. ^Rieck, Andreas (2016). The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford University Press.

    p. 3. ISBN .

  3. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi And Top Times. University of Calcutta. p. 2.
  4. ^Ivermee, Robert (2020). Hooghly:The Global Account of a River. p. 51. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcSarkar, Jadunath (1948).

    The Earth of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: Creation of Dhaka. p. 436. ISBN .

  6. ^P. Sensarma (1977). The Military History be advantageous to Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  7. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970). "Early Career catch sight of Nawab Ali Vardi Khan past it Bengal".

    Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University selected Kerala: 536.

  8. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (1992). Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal in the 18th century: organized critical edition and translation reproach Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history].

    Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.

  9. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (2022). Merchant Cultures:A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Business, 1500–1800. p. 124. ISBN .
  10. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Islamist Biography: I–M.

    A.P.H. Publishing Stiffen. ISBN .

  11. ^Sarkar (1948, pp. 436–37)
  12. ^ abcdShah, Mohammad (2012). "Alivardi Khan". In Mohammedanism, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.).

    Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

  13. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981). Orissa Spoils the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of loftiness Socio-economic and Cultural History shop Orissa.
  14. ^Sahu, N. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (1981). History of Orissa. p. 347.
  15. ^Markovits, Claude (2004).

    A History of Modern Bharat, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp. 194–. ISBN .

  16. ^Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E. Greenwood Publication Group. pp. 137–. ISBN .
  17. ^Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in loftiness History of Modern India 1707-1813.

    Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN . Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 Sep 2020.

  18. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of integrity East India Company. Bloomsbury Advertising. p. 84. ISBN .
  19. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar.

    ISBN .

  20. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Dutch in Bengal enjoin Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. University be fond of Patna. p. 12.
  21. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise penalty the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84, 87.

    ISBN .

  22. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Mark (1979). Arts all-round Bengal: The Heritage of Bangladesh and Eastern India : an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery. p. 35. ISBN .
  23. ^Rahim, A. (1959). "Society increase in intensity Culture of the Eighteenth Hundred Bengal".

    Bengali Literary Review. 4 (I & II). University abide by Karachi: 127. ISSN 0405-413X.

  24. ^ abIslam, Sirajul (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 3. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN .
  25. ^ abDatta, K.K.

    (1967).

    Escrow officer salary range

    Early Career of Siraj-ud-daulah. Bengal, Ago & Present: Journal of primacy Calcutta Historical Society. Vol. LXXXVI. Calcutta Historical Society. p. 142.

  26. ^ abSen, Ranjit (1987). Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University.

    p. 87. OCLC 17918965.

  27. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal carry too far the Mahabharata to Mujib. Creative Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 162, 164. ISBN .
  28. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (1902). Riyazu-s-Salatin, A History of Bengal.

    Translated by Abdus Salam. Calcutta: The Baptist Mission Press. p. 335.

  29. ^Sarkar (1948, p. 445)
  30. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi and His Times. Kolkata: Further education college of Calcutta. p. 69.
  31. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1980).

    Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career of Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p. 3. OCLC 8431066.

  32. ^Rashid, Abdur (2001). From Makkah to Fissile Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons. p. 143. ISBN .
  33. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April 1978).

    "Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan". The Panjab Past and Present. XII (I). Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University: 257. ISSN 0031-0786.

Further reading

  • Decisive Battle of India, G. Tricky. Malleson, ISBN 81-7536-291-X, published by Books For All, 2002.
  •  Buckland, C.E.

    (1906). "Aliverdi Khan". Dictionary of Asiatic Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Lim.