Gottlieb burckhardt biography examples

Gottlieb Burckhardt

Swiss psychiatrist (1836–1907)

Gottlieb Burckhardt

Born(1836-12-24)24 December 1836

Basel, Switzerland

Died6 Feb 1907(1907-02-06) (aged 70)

Basel, Switzerland

EducationUniversity of Basel; University of Göttingen; University chastisement Berlin; M.D.

(1860); habilitation burden internal medicine (1862)

Years active1860–1907
Known forThe first gp to perform modern psychosurgery
Medical career
ProfessionPhysician
InstitutionsG.P., Basel (1860–1862); Physician, Waldau Psychiatric Clinic University of Berne (1875–1882); Privatdozent in Psychiatry see Neurology at the University personage Berne (1876–1882); Medical Director firm the Préfargier Asylum, Marin, Quarter of Neuchâtel (1882–1896); Medical Bumptious Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1900–1904); Consulting Physician Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1904–1907)
Sub-specialtiesPsychiatry, neurology
ResearchEpithelium of the urinary truthfully, psychosurgery, electrotherapy, aphasia, functional centers of the brain, traumatic horror, syphilis

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (24 Dec 1836 – 6 February 1907) was a Swisspsychiatrist and decency medical director of a wee mental hospital in the Country canton of Neuchâtel.[1] He commission commonly regarded as having do the first modern psychosurgical fend for.

Born in Basel, Switzerland, appease trained as doctor at description Universities of Basel, Göttingen topmost Berlin, receiving his medical degree in 1860. In the precise year he took up copperplate teaching post in the Rule of Basel and established nifty private practice in his hometown. He married in 1863 nevertheless the following year he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and gave up his practice and move to a region south be more or less the Pyrenees in search be expeditious for a cure.

By 1866 recognized had made a full rally and returned to Basel exempt the intention of devoting yourselves to the study of highly strung diseases and their treatment. Expect 1875, he attained a picket at the Waldau University Cerebral Clinic in Bern, and use 1876 he lectured on derogatory diseases at the University be useful to Bern. Beginning in this term, he published widely on ruler psychiatric and neurological research wisdom in the medical press, going strong the thesis that mental illnesses had their origins in definite regions of the brain.

In 1882, he was appointed greatness medical director of a tiny, modern, and privately run intellectual deranged clinic at Marin, in class canton of Neuchâtel, where misstep was provided with a lab to continue his research. Meat 1888, he pioneered modern psychosurgery when he excised various brains regions from six psychiatric patients under his care.

Aimed change relieving symptoms rather than performing a cure, the theoretical motivation of the procedure rested insincere his belief that psychiatric illnesses were the result of distinct brain lesions. He reported magnanimity results at a Berlin restorative conference in 1889, but class reception of his medical aristocracy was decidedly negative and sand was ridiculed.

Burckhardt subsequently interrupted his research activities. Following say publicly death of his wife bland 1896, Burckhardt returned to Bale, where he established a dispensary in 1900. He died heptad years later from pneumonia.

Early life and education

Gottlieb Burckhardt was born on 24 December 1836 into a well-known family, say publicly Burckhardt, living in the Country city of Basel.

His daddy, August Burckhardt (1809–1894), was smart physician.[4] His mother was Katharina Jacot (1810–1843) from Montbéliard send back France.[5] Burckhardt's parents were wed in 1833 and his colloquial gave birth to seven line prior to her death thump 1843. Gottlieb Burckhardt was class third eldest child.[n 1] Respect 1844 his father married Henrietta Maria Dick (1813–1871).

She difficult to understand five pregnancies and three extant children.[n 2] Burckhardt attended noncritical school in Basel. His remedial studies were conducted at class Universities of at Basel, Göttingen and Berlin. In 1860 without fear was conferred with a degree in medicine from the Academy of Basel.

His doctoral dissertation was on the epithelium pressure the urinary tract. As grand student, he was described hoot popular, outgoing and musically talented.

Career

Early career, 1860–1888

By 1860 Burckhardt abstruse established a private medical exercise in Basel. In 1862 do something completed a post-doctoral habilitation auspicious internal medicine and was despite the fact that the position of Privatdozent make certain the University of Basel.

Excellence following year he married Elisabeth Heusler (1840–1896) and they confidential eight children together.[n 3] Appoint 1864, due to a designation of pulmonary tuberculosis, Burckhardt was forced to give up dominion practice and he relocated blow up a southern locale near honesty Pyrenees. He recovered fully view published a study of climatical conditions in the region.

In 1866 Burckhardt returned to Basel talented resolved to study the diseases of the nervous system instruct their treatment with the unusual electrotherapies.

His interest in that field had been fostered offspring Karl Ewald Hasse, a distinguished physician and friend of interpretation Burckhardt family. In 1873 closure was elected to the saddle of the Basel Medical Chorus line. Two years later, in 1875, he received a post type a physician to the Waldau Psychiatric University Clinic in Berne;[n 4] later that year crystal-clear also published Die physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (Physiological Diagnostics help Nervous Diseases), a 284-page essay which detailed the results liberation his research on the plug of electrotherapy for nervous disorders and the conductivity of leadership nervous system.[12]

In 1876 he became a Privatdozent at the Hospital of Bern, where he lectured on nervous and mental diseases.[13] This marks a highly plenteous period in his career slightly he became a regular supporter correspondent to several medical publications containing the Swiss periodical Korrespondenzblatt für Schweizer Ärtze and produced course on a variety of insane and neurological topics.[14] In 1877 he published a historical use convention of psychiatric and psychological theories of the functional regions quite a lot of the brain.[15] In this write off he proposed that there were "cortical dispersion centres" which were "rooted in physiology and bod in the brain" and rove these played a crucial r“le in the development of longsuffering illness.

Burckhardt drew inspiration joyfulness his hypothesis from recent advances which had shown the locating of language faculties in decency brain and he believed turn this way mental diseases were also definite to specific cortical centres. Instruct in the application of internal treatment to psychiatry, his research activities extended to an exploration characteristic the relationship between mental malady and bodily temperature, blood impulse and pulse.[14] In 1881 let go published on the relationship mid cerebral blood flow and o consumption and posited a blockade between cerebral oxygen deprivation, macabre brain circulation and mental malady.

While at Bern he likewise successfully submitted articles on primacy histological preparation of brain cells, sensory aphasia ("word deafness"), blue blood the gentry anatomy of the brain settle down cerebral localisation and forensic psychiatry.[15] From 1881 until his diversification from the Waldau Clinic set in motion 1882, Eugen Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia in 1908, served as his medical intern.[14]

In August 1882 Burckhardt was settled as the medical director marvel at the Préfargier, a small on the other hand modern psychiatric clinic in Marin in the Swiss Canton make out Neuchâtel.[17] Prior to his entrance a laboratory was constructed pound the clinic so that Burckhardt could continue his research interruption neuroanatomy and psychophysiology.[18] In Feb 1884 he presented at primacy Préfargier asylum his findings discovery the heredity and the side configuration of the brain.[19] Put your feet up continued to publish on psychiatrical and neurological topics such style cerebral vascular movements, brain tumours and optic chiasm, traumatic agitation, and writing disorders.

Psychosurgery, 1888–1891

In Dec 1888 Burckhardt, who had about experience of surgery, performed what are commonly regarded as nobleness first series of modern psychosurgical operations.[n 5] He operated blame six patients under his affliction, two women and four lower ranks aged between 26 and 51 whose condition was deemed cause to feel be intractable.[23] Their diagnoses were, variously, one of chronic ire, one of primary dementia be first four of primäre Verrücktheit (primary paranoid psychosis).[n 6] This turn diagnosis was, according to blue blood the gentry clinician-historian German E.

Berrios, "a clinical category that (anachronistically) forced to be considered as tantamount get closer schizophrenia". Burckhardt's case notes record that the patients all outward serious psychiatric symptoms such slightly auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, combativeness, excitement and violence. The transaction excised regions of the imaginary cortex, specifically removing sections lose the frontal, temporal, and tempoparietal lobes.

The results were band overly encouraging as one stoical died five days after grandeur operation after experiencing epileptic convulsions, one improved but later grand mal by suicide, another two showed no change, and the take two patients became "quieter". Conditions consequent to the procedure star epilepsy (in two patients), automobile weakness, "word deafness" and hedonistic aphasia.

Only two patients instruct recorded as having no complications.[26]

The theoretical basis of Burckhardt's rapid rested on three propositions. Rendering first was that mental yell had a physical basis station that disordered minds were purely a reflection of disordered ingenuity. Next, the associationist viewpoint contribution nerve functioning which conceived honesty nervous system as operating according to the following threefold disunion of labor: an input (or sensory or afferent) system, undiluted connecting system which processed notes and an output (or motor or motor) system.

The closing assumption of Buckhardt's was focus the brain was modular which meant that each mental mortal or mental faculty could keep going linked to a specific removal in the brain. In accord with such a viewpoint, Buckhardt postulated that lesions in definite areas of the brain fortitude impact behavior in a particular manner. In other words, forbidden thought that by cutting representation connecting system, or second thresher state of brain's system scrupulous communication troubling symptoms might breed alleviated without compromising either nobility nervous system's input or yield systems.

The procedure was highly thought of at relieving symptoms, not deride curing a given mental infection. Thus, he wrote in 1891:

[I]f excitation and impulsive carnage are due to the circumstance that from the sensory surfaces excitations abnormal in quality, sum and intensity do arise, pivotal do act on the locomote surfaces, then an improvement could be obtained by creating require obstacle between the two surfaces.

The extirpation of the efferent or the sensory zone would expose us to the coincidental of grave functional disturbances president to technical difficulties. It would be more advantageous to habit the excision of a pulse of cortex behind and confirm both sides of the car zone creating thus a disinterested of ditch in the mundane lobe.[28]

Burckhardt attended the Berlin Analeptic Conference of 1889, which was also attended by such big shot psychiatrists as Victor Horsley, Valentin Magnan and Emil Kraepelin, contemporary presented a paper on climax brain operations.

While his intelligence were subsequently widely reported call a halt the psychiatric literature, the reviews were unremittingly negative and alongside was much ill ease generated by the surgical procedures let go had performed.[29] He also publicized the results of the fair in 1891 in the journal Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie playing field psychischgerichtliche Medicin in an write off entitled 'Uber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen' ('Concerning cortical excision, as skilful contribution to the surgical manipulation of psychosis').

This paper was his last significant medical issuance. Kraepelin, writing in 1893, was scathing of Burckhardt's attempts, swallow stated that "he [Burckhardt] non-compulsory that restless patients could make ends meet pacified by scratching away grandeur cerebral cortex." While Giuseppe Seppilli, an Italian professor of neuropsychiatry, remarked in 1891 that Burckhardt's view of the brain rightfully modular did not "fit meat well with the view reserved by most [experts] that position psychoses reflect a diffuse pathology of the cerebral cortex deed [ran counter to] the beginning of the psyche as smashing unitary entity".

Burckhardt wrote in 1891 that "Doctors are different past as a consequence o nature.

One kind adheres be familiar with the old principle: first, ball no harm (primum non nocere); the other one says: ask over is better to do follow than do nothing (melius anceps remedium quam nullum). I assuredly belong to the second category". The French psychiatrist Armand Semelaigne responded that "an absence line of attack treatment was better than top-notch bad treatment".

After the proclamation of his impressive 81 catastrophe monograph on the subject put in 1891, Burckhardt ended his proof and practice of psychosurgery overthrow to the ridicule he agreed from his colleagues over righteousness methods he had employed.

Commenting hindrance his monograph in 1891 integrity British psychiatrist William Ireland concluded:

Dr.

Burckhardt has a weight faith in the view zigzag the mind is made impersonation of a number of wits, holding their seats in block out portions of the brain. At excess or irregularity of be in occurs he seeks to halt it by ablation of adroit portion of the irritated centres. He defends himself from picture criticisms which are sure inclination be directed against his plucky treatment by showing the terrible character of the prognosis pointer the patients upon whom prestige operations were performed ...[34]

Ireland questioned that any English psychiatrist would have the "hardihood" to get the path taken by Burckhardt.

Later career and death, 1891–1907

Following loftiness death of his wife increase in intensity one of his sons, Burckhardt left his position at significance Préfargier in 1896 and shared to Basel with the goal of setting up a sanatorium.[36] This plan came to product in 1900 when the Sonnenhalde Clinic was opened in Riehen near Basel.[36] Burckhardt served sort the clinic's medical director unfamiliar 1900 until 1904 and put your feet up remained a physician at honesty facility until his death shun pneumonia on 6 February 1907.[36] He was a marginal badge within the professional community eradicate his psychiatric peers, attending sporadic medical symposia and conferences manner his discipline.

However, he commission often seen as a forebear to the Portuguese neurologist, Egas Moniz, who performed the cheeriness leucotomy, later known as leucotomy, in 1936.[37]

Publications

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1875). Die Physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (The Physiological Diagnosis of Nervous Diseases).

    Leipzig: W. Engelmann.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1877). "Die lehre von den functionellen Centren des Gehirns und ihre Beziehung zur Psychologie und Psychiatrie (The doctrine of the ustable centers of the brain attend to its relation to psychology build up psychiatry)". Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie. 33: 434–54.
  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1878).

    "Beobachtungen über die Temperaturen Geisteskranker (Observations on the temperatures of picture mentally ill)". Arch für Psych und Nervenkrankheiten. 8 (2): 333–54. doi:10.1007/bf01791724. S2CID 30055718.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1879). "Gemeine Rachsucht, unerlaubte Selbsthilfe oder Wahnsinn? Ein psychiatrisches Gutachten (Common requital, madness or unauthorized self-help?

    Spruce up psychiatric report)". VRTLJSCHR für Gerichtl Med Berlin (1231): 235–51.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1881). "Ein Fall von Brandstiftung; psychiatrisches Gutachten (A case nucleus arson; psychiatric report)". Corresp.-Bl. Schweiz. Aerzte. 11: 577–86.
  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1871). "Ueber die polare methode".

    Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. Bern: Dalpsche. pp. 100–115.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1882). "Ein Plummet von Worttaubheit (A case apply word deafness)". Corresp.-Bl. Schweiz. Aerzte. 12: 673–82.
  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1886). "Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie traumatique (Contribution to the study commemorate traumatic hysteria)".

    Rev Méd from beginning to end la Suisse Rom Genève. 6: 735–46.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888). "Un cas de tumeur de la couche optique et du lobe non-spiritual (A case of tumor a mixture of the optic thalamus and nonclerical lobe)". Rev Méd de building block Suisse Rom Genève. 8: 727–40.
  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888–89).

    "Weitere Mittheilungen über Gefassbewegungen. Theoretisches und Praktisches (Other communications on vascular movements. Romantic and Practical)". Arch für Psychiat Berl. 20 (3): 605–27. doi:10.1007/bf01790970. S2CID 34630466.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1891). "Ueber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen (About cortical redaction, as a contribution to preoperative treatment of psychosis)".

    Allgemeine Zeitschift für Psychiatrie. 47: 463–548.

  • Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1892). "Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift (Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift)". Z Orthop Chir Stuttgart. 2: 1–22.

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^The dynasty from this marriage were: Rudolf Burckhardt (1833–1862), a doctor locate philosophy; August Burckhardt (1835–1916); Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836–1907); Susanna Emilia Burckhardt (1838–1918); Anna Barbara Burckhardt (1839–1917); Maria Elisabeth Burckhardt (1841–1904); and Jakob Heinrich Burckhardt (1842–1915).
  2. ^The children from this marriage were: Karl Burckhardt (1845–1908), an engineer; William Friedrich Burckhardt (1851–1914), well-ordered musician; and Albrecht Eduard Burckhardt (1853–1921), a physician and senior lecturer of hygiene.
  3. ^These were: Helena Under age.

    Burckhardt (1864–1942); August Burckhardt (1867–1924), President of the Swiss Countrywide Bank; Otto Burckhardt (1868–1956), undiluted Professor of Gynaecology; Walter Burckhardt (1871–1939), a Professor of General and Constitutional Law at nobleness University of Berne and neat member of the Hague Tribunal; Wilhelm Burckhardt (1873–1895); Luise Collection.

    Burckhardt (1875–1945); Paul Eduard Burckhardt (1884–1976), a doctor of conjecture and a missionary.

  4. ^There is sightlessness in the secondary sources chimp to whether Burckhardt took look on this post in 1873 dissatisfied 1875. Ultimately these dates downright derived from two obituary notices for Burckhardt.[10] In the Truthfully language literature which deals give up this topic 1873 has in general been the preferred date.

    That has been the one utmost by Berrios in a division of texts. Stone cites influence same sources as Berrios, that is to say the two obituary notices, so far he favours 1875 as rendering correct year. However, Stone's manipulation of Burckhardt's career and habitual biography is certainly the auxiliary detailed, precise and recent mystify that of Berrios.

    For these reasons 1875 has been rectitude date preferred in this article.

  5. ^Multiple sources credit Burckhardt with receipt performed the first psychosurgical procedure.[20] However, Kotowicz notes a incongruity, irregularly observed, among medical historians and medical practitioners in their location of the origin describe psychosurgery.

    The latter group, sand contends, tend to favour outset the narrative with Burckhardt whilst the former group favour prototypical with Moniz. In the case of early psychosurgery, Berrios first also refers to the act performed in 1889 by ingenious surgeon, Harrison Cripps, at high-mindedness behest of the British child psychiatrist Thomas Claye Shaw in which fluid was drawn from righteousness brain of a patient diagnosed with general paralysis of justness insane.

    While the purpose put a stop to the operation was aimed significance the alleviation of mental symptoms attendant on the condition loftiness procedure did not aim philosopher interfere directly with brain chain and therefore it has anachronistic excluded from most conventional finance of psychosurgery.

  6. ^Otherwise known as "paranoia" or "primary insanity".

    As skilful diagnostic category the Berlin headshrinker Wilhelm Sander was responsible edgy its reintroduction in the full amount 1860s and Richard von Krafft-Ebing for its popularisation as originäre Paranoia in the early Decennary. Krafft-Ebing's disease concept referred give way to a mental illness that was hereditary in nature, began bash into manifest at puberty and mature into psychosis with delusional talented hallucinatory features.

  1. ^Stone, James L.

    (2001). "Dr. Gottlieb Burckhardt – Rank Pioneer of Psychosurgery". Journal concede the History of the Neurosciences. 10 (1): 79–92. doi:10.1076/jhin.10.1.79.5634. PMID 11446267. S2CID 29727830.

  2. ^Berrios 1991, p. 193; Denoth 2003
  3. ^Denoth 2003; Stroux 2012
  4. ^Nach 1907, pp. 529–34; Hagenbach 1907, pp. 257–60
  5. ^Denoth 2003; 2001, p. 80; Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 68
  6. ^Stone 2001, p. 80; Whitaker, Algorithm & Joanette 1996, p. 276
  7. ^ abcBerrios 1997, p. 68; Stone 2001, p. 81
  8. ^ abWhitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Stone 2001, p. 81
  9. ^Whitaker, Stripper & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 68; Joanette et touching.

    1993, p. 573

  10. ^Stone 2001, p. 81; Joanette et al. 1993, p. 573; Manjila et al. 2008, p. 2
  11. ^Stone 2001, p. 81; Joanette et al. 1993, p. 573
  12. ^Heller et al. 2006, p. 727; Joanette et al. 1993, pp. 572, 575; Kotowicz 2008, p. 486; Manjila et al.

    2008, p. 1; Noll 2007, p. 326; Reevy, Ozer & Ito 2010, p. 485; Steck 2010, pp. 85–9; Stone 2001, pp. 79–92; Suchy 2011, p. 37; Mareke & Fangerau 2010, p. 138; Ford & Henderson 2006, p. 219; Green et condemnation. 2010, p. 208; Sakas et promotional material. 2007, p. 366; Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Wepfer 2009, pp. 137–50

  13. ^Whitaker, Stemmer & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 69
  14. ^Berrios 1997, pp. 69–70; Manjila et al.

    2008, p. 2; Stone 2001, pp. 79–80; Kotowicz 2005, pp. 77–101

  15. ^Quoted in Berrios 1997, pp. 68–69
  16. ^Berrios 1997, p. 69; Stone 2001, p. 225; Manjila et al. 2008, p. 2
  17. ^Berrios 1997, p. 71
  18. ^ abcWhitaker, Sprigger & Joanette 1996, p. 276; Berrios 1997, p. 68
  19. ^Müller 1960, pp. 726–30; Akert 1996, p. 42; Tierney 2000, pp. 22–36

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Online sources