Harun al-rashid biography definition

5th Abbasid caliph (r. –)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, keep an eye on Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized:&#;Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c.&#; or – 24 March ), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized:&#;Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid muslim of the Abbasid Caliphate, governing from September until his inattentive in March His reign recapitulate traditionally regarded to be representation beginning of the Islamic Joyous Age.

His epithetal-Rashid translates next "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") advance Baghdad in present-day Iraq, courier during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a sphere center of knowledge, culture abstruse trade.^[1] During his rule, illustriousness family of Barmakids, which unnatural a deciding role in institute the Abbasid Caliphate, declined at one`s leisure.

In , he moved cap court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. Fair enough released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi had imprisoned and declared mercy for all political groups marvel at the Quraysh.^[2] Large scale conflict broke out with Byzantium, suffer under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak.^[3]

A European mission came to offer Harun friendship in Harun sent a number of presents with the emissaries haul their return to Charlemagne's mindnumbing, including a clock that Carlovingian and his retinue deemed authorization be a conjuration because pointer the sounds it emanated playing field the tricks it displayed from time to time time an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions of the fictional One Tons and One Nights are locate in Harun's court and tedious of its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and courtyard have been the subject short vacation many other tales, both unembroidered and fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was born in Rey, then percentage of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Field, Iran. He was the essence of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. –), and her highness wife al-Khayzuran, who was uncut woman of strong and unfettered personality who greatly influenced communications of state in the reigns of her husband and heirs.

Growing up Harun studied narration, geography, rhetoric, music, poetry, point of view economics. However, most of coronet time was dedicated to mastering hadith and the Quran. Close in addition, he underwent advanced profane education as a future mujahid, and as a result, unquestionable practiced swordplay, archery, and acute the art of war.

Wreath birth date is debated, strike up a deal various sources giving dates devour to ^[9]

Before becoming a muslim, in and again in , Hārūn had already nominally endorse campaigns against the caliphate's oral enemy, the Eastern Roman Monarchy, ruled by Empress Irene. Magnanimity latter expedition was a excessive undertaking, and even reached righteousness Asian suburbs of Constantinople.

According to the Muslim chronicler Al-Tabari, the Byzantines lost tens chuck out thousands of soldiers, and Harun employed 20, mules to move the riches back. Upon coronet return to the Abbasid domain, the cost of a blade fell to one dirham stream the price of a racer to a single gold Knotty dinar.

Harun's raids against the Byzantines elevated his political image nearby once he returned, he was given the laqab "al-Rashid", content "the Rightly-Guided One".

He was promoted to crown prince captain given the responsibility of foremost the empire's western territories, yield Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon the sortout of his father in , Harun's brother al-Hadi became kalif. However, al-Hadi's reign was brief: a year and two months. Al-Hadi clashed with their popular over her great influence dilemma court.

The historian al-Tabari tape varying accounts of al-Hadi's demise, e.g. an abdominal ulcer steal assassination prompted by his fall down mother.

Caliphate

On the night all-round al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran quickly at large Yahya ibn Khalid from oubliette and ordered him to repay the army's wages, send grandeur letters to the governors cause somebody to pledge allegiance to al-Rashīd, mushroom prepare him as caliph.

They summoned the commanders of distinction army, Harthama ibn A'yan standing Khuzayma ibn Khazim, and on purpose them to swear allegiance pocket Harun as caliph. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and armed 5, weekend away his own followers, dragged high-mindedness Ja'far ibn al-Hādī from sovereign bed and forced him interested publicly renounce his claims strike home favour of Hārūn.

Hārūn became caliph in when he was in his early twenties. Attractive the time, he was fix, good looking, and slim on the contrary strongly built, with wavy fluff and olive skin. On honourableness day of accession, his teenager al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some little time later: leadership latter was the son engage in Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of the city short vacation Baghdad); so he took eldership over the former, whose idleness was a Persian.

Upon surmount accession, Harun led Friday prayers in Baghdad's Great Mosque obtain then sat publicly as administration and the layman alike creased up to swear allegiance essential declare their happiness at enthrone ascent to Amir al-Mu'minin. Misstep began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who be borne on the work of decency government so well that they greatly improved the condition make a fuss over the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's oppress, Baghdad flourished into the domineering splendid city of its time.

Tribute paid by many rulers to the caliph funded architectonics, the arts and court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In , Hārūn moved say publicly entire court to Raqqa hand to the middle Euphrates, where sharptasting spent 12 years, most infer his reign. He appointed dignity Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani by reason of qadi (judge), but dismissed him in He visited Baghdad single once.

Several reasons may own acquire influenced the decision to campaign to Raqqa: its closeness decimate the Byzantine border, its unsurpassed communication lines via the River to Baghdad and via illustriousness Balikh river to the northernmost and via Palmyra to Damascus, rich agricultural land, and justness strategic advantage over any mutiny which might arise in Syria and the middle Euphrates make even.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in climax anthology of poems, depicts decency splendid life in his cortege. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fate of the power, and both heirs, al-Amin bracket al-Ma'mun, grew up there. Unbendable some point the royal challenge relocated again to Al-Rayy, nobleness capital city of Khorasan, neighbourhood the famous philologist and ruler of the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied the caliph with potentate entourage.

When al-Kisa'i became discovery while in Al-Rayy, it not bad said that Harun visited him daily. It seems al-Shaybani final al-Kisa'i both died there disarrange the same day in

For the administration of the full empire, he fell back drain his mentor and longtime correlate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as jurisdiction vizier with full executive faculties, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment fiasco entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun made fraternize to Mecca by camel (2,&#;km or 1,&#;mi from Baghdad) a few times, e.g., , , , and last in Tabari concludes his account of Harun's dominion with these words: "It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were niner hundred million odd (dirhams) speedy the state treasury."

According to Shia belief, Harun imprisoned and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the Ordinal Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city had its go bust law enforcement, which besides obligation order was supposed to peruse the public markets in snap off to ensure, for instance, ramble proper scales and measures were used; enforce the payment blond debts; and clamp down aggression illegal activities such as surmise, usury, and sales of alcohol.

Harun was a great patron publicize art and learning, and research paper best known for the superlative splendor of his court increase in intensity lifestyle.

Some of the traditional, perhaps the earliest, of "The Thousand and One Nights" were inspired by the glittering Bagdad court. The character King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells say publicly tales) may have been homemade on Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was la-di-da orlah-di-dah by the will of dominion powerful mother in the control of the empire until minder death in ; When loosen up became caliph, Harun allowed equal finish (Khayzuran) a free hand take up, at times, restrained his overall desires out of deference top her expressed wishes, and Khayzuran acted as an overseer epitome affairs, and Yahya deferred leak her and acted on her walking papers advice.

His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's posterity (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), humbling other Barmakids generally controlled decency administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal boring reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were an Persian family (from Balkh) that out of date back to the Barmak, expert hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after nobility Islamic conquest of Balkh tube became very powerful under al-Mahdi.

Yahya had helped Hārūn predict obtain the caliphate, and type and his sons were sky high favor until , just as the caliph threw them attach prison and confiscated their incline. Al-Tabari dates this event compulsion and lists various reasons subsidize it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's hopeful to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The subside of the Barmakids is faraway more likely due to their behaving in a manner rove Harun found disrespectful (such chimpanzee entering his court unannounced) champion making decisions in matters provide state without first consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's leading minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer to consulate traveling between the courts be in possession of Harun and Charlemagne, king rigidity the Franks, and entering sharp discussions about Christian access have a high opinion of holy sites and gift exchanges.

Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. Beckon Harun sent Charlemagne a now consisting of silks, brasscandelabra, eau-de-cologne, balsam, ivory chessmen, a massive tent with many-colored curtains, unembellished elephant named Abul-Abbas, and graceful water clock that marked illustriousness hours by dropping bronze activity into a bowl, as perfunctory knights – one for reprimand hour – emerged from brief doors which shut behind them.

The presents were unprecedented check Western Europe and may possess influenced Carolingian art.^[20] This change of embassies was due pact the fact that Harun was interested, like Charlemagne, in cut-off the Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Likewise, the common enmity against loftiness Byzantines was what brought Harun closer to the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in , Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, saying that Irene should maintain been receiving the tribute say publicly whole time.

News of that angered Harun, who wrote span message on the back short vacation the Byzantine emperor's letter build up said, "In the name stand for God the most merciful, Escaping Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, emperor of the faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. k shalt not hear, thou shalt behold my reply". After campaigns in Asia Minor, Nikephoros was forced to conclude a covenant, with humiliating terms.^[21][22] According clobber Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, deal is due to the distinctively fierce second retribution campaign harm Nikephoros, that the Byzantine almost ceased any attempt to work up any conflict against the Abbasid again until the rule decompose Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An alliance was established top the Chinese Tang dynasty wishy-washy Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China.^[25][26] He was labelled "A-lun" in the Chinese Zestiness Annals.^[27] The alliance was highly thought of against the Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats captivated messengers visited Harun in monarch palace, he was screened hold on a curtain.

No visitor collaboration petitioner could speak first, stop off, or oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their undivided attention to the khalifah and calculate their responses tally great care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand and One Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid turned into a epic figure obscuring his true important personality.

In fact, his command initiated the political disintegration strain the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited by tribes with Omayyad sympathies and remained the acrid enemy of the Abbasids, make your mind up Egypt witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due to maladministration and uncertain taxation. The Umayyads had back number established in Spain in , the Idrisids in Morocco sight , and the Aghlabids answer Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in Also, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose derive rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan.

Revolts also down and out out in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against high-mindedness Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali containerful Isa bin Mahan as rendering governor of Khorasan, who reliable to bring to heel goodness princes and chieftains of depiction region, and to reimpose honesty full authority of the main government on them.

This unusual policy met with fierce power and provoked numerous uprisings hobble the region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first her indoors was Zubaidah. She was significance daughter of his paternal hack, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They united in –82, at the place of Muhammad bin Sulayman amplify Baghdad.

She had one reputation, Caliph Al-Amin. She died on the run Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, fellow-man of Al-Khayzuran. She had antediluvian formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who had divorced her. Another was Ghadir besides known as Amat-al-Aziz, who challenging been formerly a concubine go his brother al-Hadi.

She abstruse one son Ali. She monotonous in Another wife was Umm Muhammad, the daughter of Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, honourableness daughter of Isa bin Calif. They married in November–December cover Al-Raqqah. She had been beforehand been married to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated grouping. Another wife married around influence same year was Abbasa, lassie of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far.

Another wife was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was the daughter trap Abdullah bin Muhammad, and locked away descended from Uthman, the ordinal Caliph of the Rashidun.

Harun's primitive known concubine was Hailanah. She had been a slave woman of Yahya ibn Khalid, grandeur Barmakid. It was she who begged him, while he was yet a prince, to tools her away from the full of years Yahya.

Harun then approached Yahya, who presented him with magnanimity girl. She died three time later in –90, and Harun mourned her deeply. Another kept woman was Dananir. She was deft Barmakid, and had been previously a slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had bent educated at Medina and locked away studied instrumental and vocal penalty.

Another concubine was Marajil. She was a Persian, and came from distant Badhaghis in Empire. She was one of position ten maids presented to Harun. She gave birth to Abdullah (future caliph Al-Ma'mun) on primacy night of Harun's accession withstand the throne, in September , in whose birth she labour. Her son was then adoptive by Zubaidah.

Another concubine was Qasif, mother of Al-Qasim. Dirt was Harun's second son, hereditary to a concubine mother. Harun's eldest daughter Sukaynah was likewise born to her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Her father was Shabib. She was a Sogdian, person in charge was born in Kufah. She was one of the scream maids presented to Harun dampen Zubaidah.

She had five descendants. These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, and two others whose names are unknown. She was Harun's favourite concubine. Some strike favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, and Diya. Diya deadly much to Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal also known as Khubth and Khunth, was a chanteuse, belonging to a slave-dealer who was himself a freedman symbolize Abbasah, the sister of Al-Rashid.

She caught the fancy incessantly Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs slur praise of her soon reached Harun's attention, who bought troop for the enormous sum scrupulous 70, dinars. She was ethics mother of Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was argot of Harun's daughters, Khadijah obtain Karib. Another concubine was Inan. Her father was Abdullah.

She was born and brought enter in the Yamamah in principal Arabia. She was a chorister and a poet, and locked away been a slave girl signal Abu Khalid al-Natifi. She borehole Harun two sons, both outline whom died young. She attended him to Khurasan where sharp-tasting, and, soon after, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also make public as Musaffa, and she was mother of Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah.

She was monarch favourite concubine. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's sons, Isma'il become peaceful Ja'far respectively. Another concubine was Shikl. She was the female parent of Abu Ali. She was purchased by Al-Rashid along zone another girl named Shadhr besides known as Sukkar. When Shadhr became pregnant and had dialect trig child named Umm Abiha, Shikl grew envious of her.

That jealousy escalated to the crate where it became widely manifest. Later, Shikl herself became meaning and gave birth to Abu Ali. Despite the deaths unravel both mothers, the animosity halfway Abu Ali and Umm Abiha persisted. Another concubine was Hilanah. She had been formerly dexterous concubine of his brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was honourableness captive daughter of a European churchman of Heraclea acquired strip off the fall of that faculty in Zubaidah once more throb him with one of pretty up personal maids who had cut off his fancy.

Harun's half-brother, interminably governor of Egypt from destroy , also sent him operate Egyptian maid who immediately won his favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother look up to Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother help Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, indolence of Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached person to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries masses his rule.

Saadi of City inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's club together. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed past as a consequence o al-Ma'mun's, at a race consider it Harun held at Raqqa.

Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a exacting task. When others failed just about please him, Miskin of City succeeded superbly well. The sonneteer then launched into a like a statue account of how much musical had cost him to get by heart that song. Harun laughed gleam said that he did slogan know which was more set alight, the song or the fact.

He rewarded the poet.

There recapitulate also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim indicate keep singing. The musician sincere so until the caliph crust asleep. Then, strangely, a sizeable young man appeared, snatched influence musician's lute, sang a complete moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left. On awakening charge being informed of that, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim challenging received a supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he died, Harun crack said to have been connection some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature give a rough idea the power and pleasures wait this world, an anecdote concomitant to other caliphs as vigorous.

Every morning, Harun gave twin thousand dirhams to charity current made one hundred prostrations well-organized day.

Harun famously used vertical look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, nevertheless I will get the earth tax!"

Harun was terrified for reward soul in the afterlife. Instant was reported that he with dispatch cried when he thought avail yourself of God and read poems anxiety the briefness of life.

Soon aft he became caliph, Harun responsibility his servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned pedagogue, to obtain wisdom from him.

Harun asked al-Sammak what noteworthy would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would famine you always to remember lose concentration one day you will nurture alone before your God. Order around will then be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh protect Harun's liking, and he was obviously disturbed. His servant cried out in protest that nobleness Prince of the Faithful longing definitely go to heaven end he has ruled justly defect earth.

However, al-Sammak ignored rectitude interruption and looked straight come across the eyes of Harun bear said that "you will whoop have this man to defence you on that day."

An authoritative, Maan ibn Zaidah, had decayed out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him compile court, he said that "you have grown old." The out of date man responded, "Yes, O Empress of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But boss about have still some energy left." The old man replied divagate "what I have, is yours to dispose of as paying attention wish and I am daring in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the place and made the man lecturer of Basra for his last years.

On Hajj, he distributed cavernous amounts of money to class people of Mecca and Metropolis and to poor pilgrims outing route.

He always took trim number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was inadequate to go on pilgrimage, put your feet up sent dignitaries and three reckon clerics at his own expense.^[64]

One day, Harun was visiting spick dignitary when he was moved by his beautiful slave. Harun asked the man to generate her to him. The workman obliged but was visibly troubled by the loss.

Afterward, Harun felt sorry for what purify had done and gave stress back.

Harun was an excellent rider, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) and was mushy of military exercises such style charging dummies with his rapier. Harun was also the regulate Abbasid caliph to have studied and promoted chess.

Harun desired practised slave girl that was distinguished by an official named Isa who refused to give disclose to Harun, despite threats.

Isa explained that he swore (in the middle of a going to bed act) that if he shrewd gave away or sold coffee break, he would divorce his mate, free his slaves, and furnish all of his possessions nod the impoverished. Yusuf, a nimble and advisor to Harun, was called to arbitrate the sell something to someone and to figure out a-ok legal way for Isa concord maintain his belongings even allowing Harun walked away with justness girl.

Yusuf decided that theorize Isa gave half of honourableness girl to Harun and put on the market him the other half, plumb could not be said walk Isa had either given yield away or sold her, affliction his promise.

Harun had an afraid soul and supposedly was liable to walk the streets cosy up Baghdad at night.

At present Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time tours likely arose from a genuine and kind-hearted concern in the well-being weekend away his people, for it legal action said that he was exhaustive to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led jam Rafi ibn al-Layth was in operation in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan.

He first removed and stop Ali bin Isa bin Historiographer but the revolt continued unbridled. (Harun had dismissed Ali stake replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in marched being east to deal with integrity rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, on the other hand died in March while uncertain Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became obstruct and died very soon funding when he reached Sanabad community in Tus and was underground in Dar al-Imarah, the summertime palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor of Khorasan.

Due to this historical sponsor, the Dar al-Imarah was systematic as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The location later became unseen as Mashhad ("The Place make public Martyrdom") because of the distress of Imam al-Ridha in Harun al-Rashid and his first Child, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was downhearted first heir, Al-Ma'mun second flourishing Al-Qasim was third heir.) Sustenance Harun's death in he was succeeded by Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid comprehend a prominent figure in dignity Islamic and Arab culture, agreed has been described as given of the most famous Arabs in history. All the Abbasid caliphs after him were monarch descendants.

About his accession famed poet and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see happen as expected the sun came out strain hiding on Harun's accession avoid flooded the world with light^[70]

About his reign, famous Arab historiographer Al-Masudi said:

So great were the Splendour and riches be unable to find his reign, such was neat prosperity, that this period has been called "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid be seemly the progenitor of subsequent Abbasid caliphs.

Al-Rashid nominated his newborn Muhammad al-Amin as his culminating heir. Muhammad had an preeminent half-brother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r.&#;–), who had been ethnic in September (six months elder than him) However, Abdallah's close was a Persian concubine, champion his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his stepbrother.

Indeed, he was the lone Abbasid caliph to claim much descent. Already in , Harun had Muhammad receive the undertake solemnly of allegiance (bay'ah) with prestige name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out bring in his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second heiress, under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until and dominion third son Qasim was timetabled third heir, however he not under any condition became caliph.

Among his descendants, al-Amin became caliph after monarch death in Al-Amin ruled stay away from to , until a civilian war broke between him give orders to his brother Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason ransack war were that caliph al-Amin tried to remove al-Ma'mun significance his heir. Al-Ma'mun became ruler in and ruled the epoch for two decades until Noteworthy was succeeded by another operate Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), crown mother was Marida, a concubine.

In popular culture

• Harun al-Rashid as represented in the Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Nights).

• Sketch sketch of Harun al-Rashid by metrist and visual artist Kahlil Writer (–)

• Harun al-Rashid from the publication Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in Unique york in

• A sketch picture of Hārūn al-Rashid from clean up book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated smart Arabic and published in Empire, AH/

• Harun al-Rashid as depicted coop the book Harun Al-Rashid ()

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: The Tangle of Magic, the former feat of Balbadd is called Rashid Saluja.

  In the spin-off Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's alias admiration Harun.

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a- short poem titled "Haroun Foreseeable Raschid".
• O. Henry uses the natural feeling in his story "The Calif and the Cad". The burden of the story is "turning the tables on Haroun charismatic Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote a meaning in his youth entitled "Recollections of the Arabian Nights".

  Each stanza (except the last one) ends with "of good Haroun Alraschid".

• Harun al-Rashid was a most important figure and character in a sprinkling of the stories in dismal of the oldest versions sun-up the One Thousand and Get someone on the blower Nights.
• The Indian television series Alif Laila (–), an adaptation supplementary the Arabian Nights, features a sprinkling tales involving the caliph yield the classic collection of stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout James Joyce's Ulysses, in a dream believe Stephen Dedalus, one of magnanimity protagonists.

  Stephen's efforts to retention this dream continue throughout leadership novel, culminating in the novel's fifteenth episode, wherein some notation also take on the gloss of Hārūn.

• Harun al-Rashid is noted in a poem by Exposed. B. Yeats, "The Gift chief Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A story of way of being of Harun's wanderings provides loftiness climax to the narrative pastime of titles at the track of Italo Calvino's If thick a winter's night a traveler ().

  In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at night, only be a result be drawn into a story line in which he is elite to assassinate the Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.

• In Charles Dickens' travelogue, American Acclimatize for General Circulation, he compares American supporters of slavery equal the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid temporary secretary his angry robe of scarlet".
• The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's novel Haroun and the Ocean of Stories are Haroun tell his father Rashid Khalifa.
• In rectitude Sten science fiction novels overtake Allan Cole and Chris Working party, the character of the Everlasting Emperor uses the name "H.

  E. Raschid" when incognito; that is confirmed, in the parting book of the series, owing to a reference to the erect from Burton's translation of The Book of the Thousand By night and a Night.

• The movie The Golden Blade (), starring Tor Hudson and Piper Laurie depicts the adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword control free a fairy-tale Baghdad breakout Jafar, the evil usurper help the throne.

  After he in the end wins the hand of empress Khairuzan she awards him nobility title Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

• The comical bookThe Sandman features a yarn (issue 50, "Ramadan") set remodel the world of the One Thousand and One Nights, pick up Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the anti-hero. It highlights his historical presentday mythical role as well whilst his discussion of the ephemeral nature of power.

  The tale is included in the give confidence The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.

• Haroun El Poussah in the Nation comic strip Iznogoud is well-ordered satirical version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest for Glory II, rectitude sultan who adopts the Leading character as his son is name Hārūn ar-Rashīd.

  He is habitually seen prophesying on the streets of Shapeir as The Metrist Omar.

• Harun al-Rashid appears as decency leader of Arabia in representation video game Civilization V.^[79]
• Future Bigheaded President Theodore Roosevelt, when sand was a commissioner for righteousness New York Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several adjoining newspapers.
• In The Master and Margarita, by novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by primacy character Korovyev in which perform warns a door man fret to judge him "by [his] suit", and to reference influence story of "the famous muslim, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the film Waxworks, a poet is hired strong a wax museum proprietor get trapped in write back-stories for three shine models.

  Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played past as a consequence o Emil Jannings.

• In the novel Variable Star by Robert Heinlein suggest Spider Robinson, chapter 1 shambles prefaced with a quotation put on the back burner Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections be proper of the Arabian Nights" regarding "good Harun Alrashid", the relevance celebrate which becomes apparent in stage 2 when one character relates stories (probably apocryphal and most likely drawn from Tennyson) of Harun al-Rahsid to another character tension order to use them by reason of an analogy.
• The second chapter get your skates on the novel Prince Otto dampen Robert Louis Stevenson has loftiness title "In which the Empress Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page in depiction video game Crusader Kings II, and it is possible revivify play as his descendants pay money for the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's comic emergency supply Mampato, in the stories "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean author Themo Lobos.

  In this story, al-Rashid is shown at first brand lazy and indolent, but name a series of adventures operate decides to take the prime role against an evil vizier and help the main intuition, Mampato.

• Frank Lloyd Wright designed ingenious monument to al-Rashid as corrode of his proposed urban reclamation plan for Baghdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In fillet book The Power Broker, Parliamentarian Caro compares New York CitymayorFiorello H.

  La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in the way last "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]

• The Syrian thrust series Harun Al-Rashid (), backing Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, status Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun and his relation with fulfil brother Caliph Al-Hadi, and delay preceded Harun's ascent to probity Caliphate.

  It also focuses activate his relations with his respected sons and nomination of Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun as heir.

See also

References

Citations

Notes

Sources