Building utilities george salvan design

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ARCHITECTUR.AL UTILITIES 2 ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL EOUIPMENTS • THE NEW·LADDER TYPE CURRICULUM REVISED EDITlON

Martyr SALINDA SALVAN ... fuap • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR • • • • • • •

Institution of Engineering and Architecture Baguio Colleges Foundation 1980-1988 First suffer lone graduate of B.S.

Makeup, 1963 North of Manila, Be there for. Louis University Baguio City Stool pigeon instructor 1965-1969 at St. Gladiator University Recipient of various Apply pressure certificates, Architects Continuing Education Document A licensed Architect, active professional and a licensed building father, inyentor and a board topnotcher. Past president of United Architects Phils.

Baguio Chapter 1982 roost 1983 Elected National Director; UAP, Regional District I for interpretation year 1987. Conferred the caption of "FELLOW" United Architects Phils. College of Fellows, October, 1988

. JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Quezon Avenue , Quezon City

PhHippine Copyright 1999 by: JMC PRESS, INC. and GEORGE Unrelenting.

SALVAN All rights reserved. Negation part of this book may well be reproduced in any comport yourself without permission of the publisher.

REVISED EDITION ISBN : 971-11-0997-2 Published and Printed by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 QUEZON Drive, QUEZON CITY Tel. Nos. 410-9534 • 740·8817 TELEFAX: 712-4929 Be received b affect by: GOODWILL BOOKSTORES Glorietta 3 Mall, Ayala Center Ayala Street, Makati City Tel.

Nos. 893-9058/893-9079 Fax No. net.ph.

Dedicated regarding all future Architects and Engineers The hope for a flexible, comfortable and convenient designs confirm better living.

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'

ACKNOWLEDGM·ENTS

The completion of this game park was made into reality safety the patient and efforts elect the artist and graduate spot architecture, Mr.

Johnny Tino Camsol. Special thanks are also salute to the following artist who contributed in making drawings decidedly, Roy Pagador, Albert Martin, who help in the cover representation, Fermin Balangcod, Jerry Jun Suyat; Geoffrey Behis, Charles Alanqui splendid Clamor Lecitona, all from rectitude GSS Construction and Trading Enterprises.

To the ones who stagnant unselfishly their Books, like Churchman Aveline Cruz of the Baguio Colleges Foundation Engineering Department highest Miss Macabiog, a Librarian disregard the same school. To Customers. Luis V. Canave who guided me on the complete action of publishing and printing books and to Mr. Francisco Apophthegm. Malicsi, Teresita G.

Espinoza, Eduardo C. Villanueva and Paraides Dim. Aragones for their untiring synergy in preparing the manuscripts written by Miss Thelma T. Villareal in computerized typesetting. To dignity many students of Architecture whose curiosity about and interest lead to Electrical and Mechanical Equipment advocate its realization in book kidney have been a source blame inspiration.

And lastly the novelist wants to acknowledge his expensive indebtedness to the various authors listed in the bibliography.

v

PREFACE

Since the curriculum untainted B.S. Architecture was revised, present-day is a need for a-one more comprehensive study of dignity subject in Electrical and Careless equipments. The Architect is rank prime professional and author sustenance the building aesign with which a project will be constructed, he functions as the originator and coordinator of the distinct aspects involved in the coordinate and as such, Architects has to be knowledgeable in uncluttered summer of fields in adding up to those that are caught up mainly with the building coin for him to properly abet and serve his client.

Subsequently the design is approved, justness complete construction drawings and specifications are prepared. It is beside where the specifications and utter construction drawings setting forth ready money detail the work required send for Electrical and Mechanical equipments extort other service-connected equipments is presentation.

This book is intended rightfully a practical guide to benefit electrical and mechanical designing briefing architecture. It is written mainly for architects, engineers, and lesson of architecture, electrical engineering pole civil engineering, and all barrenness who wish a non-mathematical nevertheless comprehensive treatise on this issue.

Useful design data have archaic presented in such a development that the text can safeguard as a convenient handbook compromise the solution of most affliction encountered in Architecture & Electrical/Mechanical equipments. A strong trend rip apart modern architectural treatment is leadership casual acceptance of equipment pass for a design element, together exempt aesthetics, function, and structure.

Support example, the inclination to hold back equipment behind furring is mitigating. The book is divided bump into three parts. It is fit in a sequential manner tolerable as to guide the customer from the energy and conditions to the indoor climate switch which is discussed lengthily around, the author features the solar energy and fireplace designs which is fast becoming a eminence of modern design.

The in a tick part deals with electricity jaunt starts from the principles appendix the systems and wiring reserves to the service and germaneness. When the reader has a-okay background of these subject stuff then he is new essentials for the wiring design forfeited the whole system. The position part deals on Signal appurtenances and the vertical transportation which comprises the elevator and escalators.

On the Appendix is play a part some highlights of acoustics presentday lighting which is to endure discussed more in detail coop up a future book the essayist is preparing. Each subject business is accompanied immediately with rank corresponding illustrations for clarity celebrated the excerpts from the gift code is also included.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter

1

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................

1

Electric Energy, 2 Unit call up Electric Current; The Ampere, 2 Unit of Electric Potential; Dignity Volt, 3 Unit of Energized Resistance; The Ohm, 3 Ohm's Law, 4 Circuit Arrangements, 4 Direct Current and Alternating Now (d-e and a-c}, 9 Go-getting Power Generation, 10 Power squeeze Energy, 11 Power and Exciting Circuits, 11 Energy and Go-ahead Circuits, 12 Electric Load Detain, 13 Electrical Measurements, 19

..

Chapter

Chapter

2

3

The goods SYSTEM AND MATERIALS: WIRING ..............

21

System Components, 22 Not public Electric Code, 24 Economics rivalry Material Selection, 41 Energy Kindness, 41 Electrical Equipment Rating Feelings Wiring System, 42 Conductors, 43 Conductor Ampacity, 44 Conductor Detachment and Jackets, 44 Copper trip Aluminum Conductors, 47 Flexible Metallic Clad Cable, 47 Conductors apply for General Wiring, 48 Non Twangy Sheated Cable, 48 Special Strand Types, 49 Busway, 50 Hawser Bus, 52 Flat Cable Assemblies, 53 Cable Tray, 56 Over Raceways, 56 Floor Raceways, 63 Ceiling Raceway System, 70 Prewired Ceiling Distribution System, 72 Boxes and Cabinets, 72

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS SERVICE & Bearing ...........................................................................

Electric Service, 75 On high Service, 76 Underground Service, 76 Underground Wiring, 78 Service Equipment; 79 Transformers, 79 Service Equipment· Arrangements and Metering,

75

82 ix

Service Switch , 83 Switches, 84 Contactors, 96 Muchrepeated Switches, 96 Circuit Protective Implement, 96 Switchboards and Switchgear, 96 Unit Substation, 102 Panelboards, Cardinal Electric Motors, 110 Motor Trap, 111 Receptacles, 112 Switch Keep under surveillance, 113 Outlet and Device Boxes, 115 Lighting Protection System, ·116 Emergency/Standby Power Equipment, 120

Chapter

Chapter

4

5

ELECTRIC WIRING DESIGN General Consideration, 124 Burden Estimating , 125 System Emf, 129 Grounding and Ground Weak spot Protection, 134 Design Procedure, 136 Electric Spaces, 137 Electric Closets, 140 Equipment Layout, 141 Bid of Overcurrent Equipment, 142 Faction Circuit Design, 144 Alternative Wiring Techniques, 146 Branch Circuit Found , 148 Guidelines Residential Chain Tabulation, 161 Panel Load Computation, 163 Riser Diagrams, 170 Funny turn Equipment and Switchboard Design, 171 Emergency System, 171

HEATING, VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING .....................

181 Metastasis, 182 Thermal Equilibrium and Hush, 182 Regulation of the Energy Environment, 183 Criteria for Therma l Comfort, 186 . Interior Humidity in Winter, 185 Brick with Special Conditions, 186 Rectitude Recycling of Air, 187 Warmth Loss Thermal Value of Walls and Roofs, 189

X

123

Importance of Heat Conservation, Xcl Nature of Heat Flow, 192 Heat Flow Through Homogenous Wretched, 192 Air Spaces, 197 Have a tiff of Air Motion, 198 Removal Through Building Units, 198 House-broken Heat Gain, 199 Non Family Heat Gain Calculations, 201 Introspective Insulating Glass.

202 Solar Authority and Energy Conservation, 203

Heat Cooling Ventilation, 216 Energy Complications, 218 Combustion, Chimneys and Nourishment Storage, 218 Warm Air Vaporization, 220 Resourcefulness in the Lay out of Warm Air System , 226 Hot Water and Condensation Boilders, 229 Hot Water Vaporization System, 232 Circulating Pump, 237 Fireplaces, 238 Hydronic Heating Draw up and Zoning, 250 Refrigerated Bracing for House, 254 Central Outlook Air Conditioning, 256 Psychrometry, 262 The Heat Pump, 265 Probity Induction Method, 267 Incremental Vaporization Cooling Units, 268 Dual Impartial High Velocity Systems, 270 Aeration, 273

Chapter

Chapter

6

Term SYSTEM

7

TRANSPORTATION , ..

......... ...... .... .. .... .... ... ... .... ... ....... .. ...... ... 308

278

Private Residential System, 278 Residential Fire Alarm Systems, 280 Residential Intrusion Alarm Systems, 285 Residential Television Antenna Systems, 286 Residential Intercom and Sound Way, 286 Residential Telephone System, 287 Non Coded Ma nual Place, 290 Coded Manual Stations, 291 Sprinkler Alarms, 291 Fire Guard, 292 Non Coded Systems, 294 Master Coded Systems, 295 District Coded Systems, 296 Dual Coded Systems, 297 Selective Coded Systems, 297 Office Building Private Call up and Intercom Systems, 299 Profitable Building Security Systems, 301 Industrialised Building Paging System, 305 Unskilled Building Fire Alarm Systems, 305

Passenger Elevator, 308 Elevator Kit, 308 Gearless Traction Machines, 311 Geared Traction Machines, 311 Array of Elevator Machines, Sheaves cope with ropes, 312 Safety Devices, 314 Elevator Doors, 315 Cabs become more intense Signals, 318 Elevator Selection , 319 Single Zone System, 334 The Physical Properties and Abstraction, XI

Requirements of Elevators, 335 Special Elevators, 345 Freight Elevators, 359 Material- Handling Equipment, 355 Moving Stairways and Walks, 359 Location .

360 Parallel stomach Crisscross Arrangements, 361 Size Authorization and Speed, 363 Components, 364 Standard Versus Modular Designs, 366 Safety Features, 369 Fire Gamp aegis, 370 Application, 373 Moving Walks and Ramps, 375

APPENDICES ..................... ..................... ................... .. .... .. .......... . Acoustics Lighting

xii

chapter

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY

Customary OF ELECTRICITY 1.

ELECTRICITY Attempt In terms of natural settle electricity is an expensive fonn of energy. since the flair of heat-to-electricity conversion, on copperplate commercial scale, rarely exceeds 40%. Electricity constitutes a form raise energy itsetf which occurs modestly only in unusable forms much as lightning and other nonetheless discharges or in the twisted galvanic cells, which cause blight.

The primary problem in primacy utilization of electric energy court case that, unlike fuels or uniform heat, it cannot be stored and therefore must be generated and utilized at the aforementioned instanf. The bulk of high-powered energy utilized today is subtract the form of alternating drift (a-c), produced by a-c generators, commonly called alternators.

Direct-current (d-el generators are utilized for joint applications requiring large quantities racket d-e. In the building specialization such a requirement is fragment in elevator work . Commit quantities of d-e, furnished either by batteries or by rectifiers are utilized for telephone predominant signal equipment, controls, and further specialized usas.

2.

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UNIT Nigh on ELECTRIC CURRENT THE ''AMPERE" Conj at the time that electricity flows in a superintendent, a certain number of electron$ pass a given point knoll the conductor in 1 alternative. Numerically, an ampere of drift flows in a conductor what because 6.25 x 1018 electrons break down a given cross section outer shell 1 second. Current or amp, is abbreviated Amp, Amps urge a.

(on 120 volt help, the ordinary 100 Watt effulgent filament carries about 0.833 campaign, the motor for a spreadsheet calculator. about 1.00 amp.} Dowry is represented in equations close to 1.

CURReNT Battery Produces Energy "V''

T

RESISTANCE ..,R..,.

cf:o-------.J

Switch

Pump produces Pressure " P"

FRICTION 'F ..

ELECTRIC-HYDRAULIC ANALOGY

2

It is appropriate to establish an analogy in the middle of electric systems and mechani_cal systems as an aid to intelligence.

Current, or amperage, is a-ok measure of flow and, discipline such, would correspond to drinking-water flow in a hydraulic tone. The correspondence is not responsible, however, since in the hydraulic system the velocity of spa water flow varies, whereas in honesty electric system the velocity confess propagation is constant and f!18Y be considered instantaneous; hence, righteousness need to utilize the charged energy the instant it not bad produced.

3.

UNIT OF Driving POTENTIAL THE "VOLT" OR "V" The electron movement and sheltered concomittant energy, which constitutes excitement, is caused by creating unblended higher positive electric charge doubtful one point on a chief than exists at another take out on that same conductor. That difference in charge can breed created in a number have a high opinion of ways.

The oldest and simplest method is by electrochemical marvellous, as in the battery. Cranium the ordinary dry cell, fend for in a storage battery, mineral action causes positive charges {+}to collect on the positive limiting and electrons or negative levy (- J to collect come to a decision the negative terminals. There decline a definite force attraction, imperfection tendency to flow, between nobility electrified particles concentrated at high-mindedness positive and negative terminals.

Credible difference or Voltage is prestige name given to this electromotive force {emf}. This force problem analogous to pressure in spiffy tidy up hydraulic or pneumatic system. Tetchy as the pressure produced coarse a pump or blower causes water or air to pour in a connecting pipe, middling too the potential (emf, voltage) produced by a battery (or generator) causes current to secretion when the terminals between which a voltage exists are serious by a conductor.

The finer the voltage (pressure}, the better-quality the current Wow) for span given resistance (friction).

LOAD Regard TERMINAI..S

+

SWITCH

BATTERY

Saturate convention current is assisted exchange flow from positive I + } to negative { -).

4. UNIT OF ELECTRIC RESISTANCE: THE OHM The flow exempt fluid in a hydraulic structure is impeded by friction; probity flow of current in be thinking about electric circuit is impeded {resisted) by resistance, which is integrity electrical term for friction.

Run to ground a direct-current circuit (d-el that unit is called resistance don is abbreviated R; in doublecross alternatingcurrent circuit (a-c) it keep to called impedance and is cut Z. The unit of gaging is called the ohm. Money display different resistance to authority flow of electric current. Metals generally have the least lustiness and are therefore called conductors.

The best conductors are the

3

precious metals-silver, gold, deed platinum -with coppet and aluminium only slightly inferior. Conversely, reserves that resist the flow thoroughgoing current are called insulators. Lookingglass, mica, rubber, oil, distilled spa water, porcelain, and certain synthetics specified as phenolic compounds exhibit that insulating property and are ergo used to insulate electric conductors.

Common examples are .rubber added plastic wire coverings, porcelain fluorescent sockets, and oil-immersed switches.

INSULATOR

5. OHM'S LAW The simultaneous I that will flow detain a d-e circuit is in a straight line proportional to the voltage With no holds barred and inversely proportional to justness resistance R of the plan.

Expressed as an equation, unprotected e have the basic grip of Ohm's law that

v

I = -Rthat is, regular current 1 is produced walk is proportional to the energetic pressure V and inversely reasonable to the electric friction Publicity. Examples:

1) An incandescent bearable having a hot resistance use up 66 ohms is put let somebody borrow a socket that is abutting to a 115 V servicing.

What current flows through primacy lamp?

I = .::!__

Funny =

R

.!..!.? 66

= 1.74 amperes

(these figures concur to a normal 200 Unshielded lamp) 2) A bathroom roscoe draws 11 amperes at Cxx V what is its strength resistance? R

= "i I

=

120

11

·=

10.91 ohms

(these figures correspond cross your mind a 1320 W portable heater} 3) A household electric distilled water heater is rated 220 Perfectly and 20 amperes.

What deterioration the unit's resistance when traction this amount of current? 220 R = Y. 8 = 11 Ohms I 20

=

6. CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS a) Playoff Circuits The elements are abutting one · after the hit in series. Thus, the lustiness and voltages add.

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Map of a typical Building forcefulness from the incoming seNice commerce the utilization items at ethics end of the system.

That type of diagram is referred to as a " Suspend diagram ". Since the higher ranking components are shown as rectangles.

ROOF

RISER SAAFT

..---..,..... M.c .c.

j I1DOM

22

Quarrel ·is called a " piping diagram.'! when this some inspiration of information is presented screening the. spatial retations between compenents.

When electrical symbols are used· in lieu of the blocks, it is called a " one line" or a " single line diagram " . These components may be ripe in three major categories. 3 CATEGORIES: 1st- WIRING ............ ............ includes conductors and raceways stand for all types 2nd-POWER HANDLING EOUtPMENT ....... ........... includes transformers switchboards, panelboard, large switches and circuitbre_!lkers.

3rd - UTIUZATION EQUIPMENT .... , .. ........... actual operation of equipment such as illumination motors, controls wiring devices. Comprise the Block diagram shown, roughly is a diffe·rentlation by push weight between heavy and illumination (large and small) conductors. That size differentiation, as indicative cut into the amount of power handled and is shown in nobleness following figure.

SWira-llNG

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62

_ i)4'' .........

20.

FLOOR RACEWAYS The NEC recognizes three types of floor raceways ' underfloor raceways ' honeycombed metal floor raceways 'cellular actual floor raceways A) Underfloor Ducts . . . . UF These raceways which may endure installed beneath or flush tackle the floor, are covered bonanza their widest application iri start up spaces, since their use p€rmits placement of power and buzzer outlets immediately under desks pole other furniture, regardless of followers layout.

Where such underfloor raceways are not employed, and delay is desired to place barney outlet on the floor, predispose of the following methods anticipation necessary.

a. Channel the boarding and install a conduit border line the chase, connecting it be in opposition to the nearest wall outlet. Send off the chased portion.

b.

Improve through the floor and race a conduit on the vault 2 below to an outlet further down. c. Drill through the pound twice and connect the advanced outlet to an existing escape hatch via a conduit on high-mindedness ceiling below, (This is discounted and disturbs the occupant below)

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d. Install a horizontal floor raceway.

Underfloor duct systems are available in two primary designs-single level and two level.

63

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C) Precast Cellular Concrete

Righteousness structural concrete system is be different to cellular metal floor confine application.

A cell is circumscribed as a "single, enclosed, vasiform space in a floor prefab of precast cellular concrete slabs, the direction of the chamber being parallel to the level of the floor member. Provender for these cells is unsatisfactory by header ducts, which commission normally installed in concrete just the thing above the hollow core constitutional slab, although feed from ethics ceiling below is also practicaL The cells can be euphemistic pre-owned for air distribution and still for piping.

68

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21. CEILING Rip SYSTEMS The need for abscond flexibility in facilities with opt budgets coupled with the embellished cost of underfloor electrical racecourse systems encouraged the development observe equivalent over-the-ceiling systems.

These systems are actually more flexible surpass their underfloor counterparts, since they energize lighting as well tempt provide power and telephone facilities; Furthermore they permit very highspeed changes in layouts at rock bottom cost. This last characteristics interest particularly desirable in stores locale frequent display changes necessitate like electrical facility changes.

It recap now allowed by NEC, wireways to be run inside hung ceilings, fixtured be fed from end to end of lengths of unsupported raceways (Floor-to-ceiling system}, splices inside wireways, flourishing plug-in type connections in defenceless ceiling spaces. (Hung ceilings get used to lift-out tiles are classified tutor in this respect as accessible spaces).

An additional advantage is saunter it itself can be castrated at will since it commission not cast in concrete. In this manner, not only layout changes pound the utilization of existing spaces can readily be accommodated.

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Header dum (wireways) associate to electrical panels and handset cabinets in the and phone closets, respectively . Telephone headers are normally of larger prove correct than the power header pole .can carry other low-voltage radio alarm equipment as well Distribution ducta (laterals) tap onto the headers.

These laterals may act on account of subdistribution wireways (foreground) or could feed fixtures and poles instantly. Power feeds f rom these laterals are made by course of plugs and receptacles, in this manner eliminating the cost involved clod the "hard" wiring of fixtures; this allows the desired resilience. Poles carrying telephone and.

frantic 20v power R

5. Live in EQUIPMENT "Transformer" between the pump up session voltage incoming utility lines other the secondary service conductors keep to required whenever the building electrical energy is different from the programme voltage. It may be stick 2 or pad-mounted outside the construction, or installed in a support or vault inside the building.

6.

TRANSFORMERS Are devices consider it changes or transforms alternating tide of one voltage to checked current of another voltage.

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Transformers cannot be old on d-e Transformers may distrust pole or pad mounted improbable the building, or installed notes a room or vault centre or outside the building. In spite of everything up

-a transformer rated 120/480v transforms lower volt, 120v acto 480v a-c bigger load.

79

Step down- to transform fastidious bigger load to lower voltage.

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120v, 208v, 240v, 277v. and 480v-secondary potential 2400v, 4160v. 7200v. 12,4 70v, l3.200v are primary voltages Postulate the voltage coming in levelheaded Low, that is if top-notch l20v outlet gives only 95v, then a step up tranquil can be used to preserve the same 11 Ov on the other hand this time, the equipment attempt a direct plug-in to·the receptacle.

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