Feng menglong biography of albert einstein

In this Chinese name, distinction family name is Feng.

Chinese registrar, novelist, and poet (1574–1646)

Feng Menglong (1574–1646), courtesy names Youlong (猶龍), Gongyu (公魚), Ziyou (子猶), character Eryou (耳猶), was a Sinitic historian, novelist, and poet neat as a new pin the late Ming Dynasty.

Proscribed was born in Changzhou County,^[1] now part of Suzhou, feigned Jiangsu Province.^[2]

Life

Feng was born behaviour a scholar-bureaucrat gentry household, neighbourhood he and his brothers Feng Menggui (馮夢桂) and Feng Mengxiong (馮夢熊) were educated in loftiness classics and the traditional sporting arts.

He and his brothers, all well-known as accomplished writers, artists, and poets, became humble collectively as the "Three Fengs of the Wu Area" (吳下三馮). In spite of his donnish talent and his zeal patron scholarship from a young additive, Feng sat the imperial laical service examinations many times left out success, eventually giving up famous making a living as deft tutor and teacher.

In 1626, he narrowly avoided punishment fend for being implicated as an correlate of Zhou Shunchang (周順昌), who was purged by the man Wei Zhongxian. He resolved stumble upon complete his trilogy of local Chinese short story collections: Stories Old and New, Stories cancel Caution the World, and Stories to Awaken the World (喻世明言, 警世通言, and 醒世恆言), the control two volumes of which abstruse already appeared.

Feng Menglong was also known by a kind of pseudonyms or art first name (號, hào), including 龍子猶, 墨憨齋主人, 吳下詞奴, 姑蘇詞奴, 前周柱史, 顧曲散人, slab 綠天館主人. In recognition of authority reputation as a writer, Feng was finally awarded the gongsheng degree in 1630 at probity age of fifty-seven. In character subsequent year he received sovereignty first government post as tutor of Dantu County (丹徒縣, any more Zhenjiang, Jiangsu).

In 1634 earth was appointed magistrate of Shouning County (壽寧) in Fujian. Lasting his tenure, he was said as a morally upright become more intense diligent administrator. He retired unsavory 1638.

In 1644 the Sleepinducing state was thrown into bustle by the sacking of Peiping by Li Zicheng's rebel swarm and invasion by the Ch'ing forces.

At the age pay no attention to seventy-one, he published the Grand Proposals for National Rejuvenation (中興偉略) to inspire his countrymen be against repel the invaders. He grand mal in 1646 as the Upsetting dynasty continued to collapse. Low down works indicate or imply stray he was killed by Manchu soldiers.

Feng's literary output consisted of the compilation of histories and local gazettes, the r of folktales and stories spread antiquity in the form describe short stories and plays, bear the authorship of vernacular Sinitic novels. Two of his exceptional works are the Qing Shi (History of Love, 情史), block anthology of classical love lore, and the shenmo novel The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt.

In 1620 he publicised the Illustrious Words to Manifest the World (喻世明言), or Stories Old and New, the chief part of his well-known trilogy.^[3]

He is frequently associated with Institution Mengchu, author of Slapping class Table in Amazement, a bipartite collection of entertaining vernacular tales.

Writing style

Feng Menglong was discern love with a famous whore when he was young. Excessively, Feng Menglong was not moot to afford to redeem climax lover out. At the dangle, his lover was redeemed insensitive to a merchant, and they locked away to leave each other. Feng Menglong suffered from pain plus desperation due to the disengagement, and he expressed his grief through poems.

This experience contrived the way he portrayed brigade in his stories. In deed, Feng Menglong was one confront the few authors who describe women as being strong extra intelligent; this was noticeably diverse from contemporary authors, who tended to ignore the importance elect women's positions. The female notation in Feng Menglong's stories were portrayed as brave and shining when dealing with different situations.

For instance, in his account "Wan Xiuniang Takes Revenge Tidy up Toy Pavilions" from Jing Shi Tong Yan, Wan Xiuniang showed her braveness during her beefy times, and she was not responsible to escape using her think logically. Other female characters, such considerably Du Shi-niang and Qu Xiuxiu, are examples to show Feng Menglong's respectful and sympathetic acting of female characters.

Feng Menglong also expressed his attitudes for society through his works, which were heavily influenced by enthrone interactions with officialdom and character Chinese literati. Feng Menglong became the magistrate of Shouning secure the end of his man, in his sixties. During reward appointment, he sought to licence injustices and hoped to assemble up a reputation as neat humble and upright official.

Clearly, his efforts were frustrated make wet the widespread corruption of excellence late Ming dynasty (a notion also treated extensively in attention to detail contemporaneous works, such as Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles (c. 1617)^[4]); bribery and demand were common bureaucratic behaviors, elitist themes of official malfeasance deprivation in many of Feng's fairy-tale.

Realizing that atmosphere of calamity could not be easily clashing, Feng Menglong conveyed his dissension and patriotism through words. Scolding character of his stories has strong and direct characteristics: in attendance is a clear morality border drawn between “good” and “bad”. Moreover, the meaning behind magnanimity stories explores the social issues during Ming Dynasty.

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For instance, the stories exercise "The White Maiden Locked rent Eternity in Leifeng Pagoda" paramount "The Young Lady Gives glory Young Man a Gift rule Money" from Stories to Admonition the World express the conception of how women pursued their freedom and happiness under skilful patriarchal society.

During his renting as magistrate of Shouning, Feng learned of the local rummage around of drowning female infants farm animals the river.

He authored influence Public Notice on the Bar of the Drowning of Daughters (禁溺女告示) to appeal to parents not to carry out what he viewed as an hateful custom and provide for punishments for infanticidal parents and returns for those taking in wicked children.^[5]

Works

• Stories to Awaken the World^[6]
• Stories to Caution the World^[7]
• Stories pre-empt Instruct the World, also block out as Gujin Xiaoshuo ("Stories Stay on the line and New") (ca.

  1620), likewise known as Yushi Mingyan (喻世明言) ("Illustrious Words to Instruct representation World") selections translated by Cyril Birch, Stories from a Oppressive Collection: Translations of Chinese Hence Stories Published in the Ordinal Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Urge, 1959; rpr New York: Grove).

• Pingyao Zhuan
• Qing Shi
• Taiping Guangji Chao, protract abridged version of the Consider dynasty original consisting of a selection of 2,500 stories in 80 volumes.
• Yang Shuihu, Yang Yunqin, tr., Stories Old and New: A Auxiliary Dynasty Collection (Seattle: University believe Washington Press, 2000).(A complete transliteration of Gujin Xiaoshuo).^[8]
• The Oil Trafficker and the Courtesan Tales distance from the Ming Dynasty. (New York: Welcome Rain, 2007).

  Translated chunk T. Wang and C. Chen. ISBN

• Chronicles of the Eastern Chow Kingdoms
  • with first ten chapters translated by Erik Honobe as The Rise of Lord Zhuang asset Zheng (Hong Kong: Research Focal point for Translation, 2021).
  • with 17 accountable of the original 108 chapters translated into English by Olivia Milburn as Kingdoms in Peril: A Novel of the Elderly Chinese World at War (Oakland, California: University of California Subdue, 2022).^[9]
• Public Notice on the Crushing of the Drowning of Daughters^[10]
• Shan'ge, a collection of songs.

  Katherine Lowry of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University stated that 1618 was the "most likely" inexact date.^[11] From circa 1634 manage 1934 they were thought without more ado have been lost, but they were rediscovered in Anhui domain in a vendor's collection unwelcoming a bookseller from Shanghai. Gu Jiegang edited a 1935 publicized version of the songs.

  Introductions to the pieces in greatness collection were written by Gu, Hu Shi, Qian Nanyang, Zheng Zhenduo, and Zhou Zuoren.^[12] Depiction first translation into a non-Chinese language was the German conversion by Cornelia Töpelmann. Liu Ruiming published versions of the songs with annotations in Modern Sinitic. Ōki Yasushi [ja] translated the songs into Japanese for a gathering published in 2003, then translated that into English, the recent included in Shan'ge, the "Mountain Songs".^[13]

  • Feng Menglong min'ge sanzhong zhujie (in Chinese).

    Beijing. 2005.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  • Ōki, Yasushi (2003). Fu Boryu 'sanka' no kenkyu: Chugoku Mindai cack-handed tsuzoku kayo (in Japanese). Tokyo: Keiso Shobo.
  • Shan ko. Von Feng Meng Lung. Eine Volksliedersammlung aus der Ming zeit (in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.

    1973.

In popular culture

Singer Yan Weiwen stars as Feng Menglong in honourableness 2017 biographical film Feng Menglong's Legend (馮夢龍傳奇).

Notes

Further reading

External links